This paper investigates how firms dynamically adjust their use of capital, labor, energy, and materials using the Colombian Census of Manufacturing. This Census contains data at the establishment level and provides evidence of a mix of smooth and lumpy adjustments and of interrelated factor adjustments. Based on this evidence, I propose a dynamic firm model that incorporates five key features: ...

Child labor is a topic that evokes deep emotions and a growing international concern. Most recent ILO estimates show that some 211 million children between 5 and 14 are engaged in some form of economic activity, and 119 million of them are engaged in haz­ ardous work. The poverty implications of child labor are often transmitted from parents to children, a process that is called the dynastic po...

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for preterm labor (< 37 weeks of gestation) among young pregnant women in Brazil. METHODS A national cross-sectional study was conducted among parturient women aged 15-24 years attending Brazilian public maternities in 2009. Questionnaires were administered by interviewers during parturient admission to the maternity clinic (or soon af...

BACKGROUND To explore healthcare providers' knowledge and attitudes to the need for pain relief for women in labor. METHODS A structured questionnaire (n = 200) distributed to healthcare providers working in the obstetric departments, including theatres, of three public hospitals in different settings (rural, peri-urban and urban) in Ethiopia. Descriptive analysis was performed using Excel 20...

abstract background: natural delivery is the most painful event that women experience in their lifetime. that is why labor pain relief has long been as one of the most important issues in the field of midwifery. thus, the present study aims to explore the perception of primiparous mothers on comfortable resources for labor pain. materials and methods: in the present study, qualitative content a...

Nurse-midwives are sometimes required to intervene in the normal process of labor. Numerous clinical trials have investigated the use of prostaglandins for induction of labor. Research indicates the use of prostaglandins to be a safe and effective method of induction of labor with favorable results when compared with the more traditional use of oxytocin. Patient acceptance appears to be favorab...

This paper shows that the development from an agricultural regime through industrialization to a manufacturing regime occurs simultaneously to the demographic transition and the change in labor structure towards an increasing fraction of skilled labor due to technological progress. The manufacturing sector is economically viable when the technological level is sufficiently high. During the indu...

Plasma catecholamines in newborn rats (0-2 hr old) were analyzed following vaginal birth, cesarean section with simulated labor contractions, or cesarean section without labor contractions. Upon delivery, pups were exposed to key elements of the rat's natural birth process, that is, umbilical cord occlusion, tactile stimulation, and cooling. Only pups exposed to actual or simulated labor showed...