A language L ⊆ A∗ is literally idempotent in case that uav ∈ L if and only if uav ∈ L, for each u, v ∈ A∗, a ∈ A. We already studied classes of such languages closely related to the (positive) varieties of the famous StraubingThérien hierarchy. In the present paper we start a systematic study of literal varieties of literally idempotent languages, namely we deal with the case of two letter alph...

The paper summarizes post–World War II research on the understanding of Swedish by Danes and vice versa. Self-evaluation results as well as test results point to increased mutual comprehension. Preliminary results from ongoing investigations on both sides of the Øresund are given. They suggest a number of possible future scenarios, the most realistic prediction being that the wellknown language...

This paper presents an acoustic study of the tonal system of Singapore Mandarin and compares the results with those of Beijing and Taiwan (e.g. Xu 1997, Shih 1988). The results show that Singapore Mandarin differs from the other varieties in a number of ways, particularly in the realisation of Tone 2, which is marked by a low level stretch not found in the other varieties. This system is also i...

Millets are annual grasses and grow well under the marginal conditions of soil fertility and moisture, which provide staple food for millions of people. Millets have strong, deep rooting systems and short life cycles. Breeding research in millets, habitually engages different species, cultivars, and varieties. This makes an immense challenge to maintain the different varieties and their identif...

Millets are annual grasses and grow well under the marginal conditions of soil fertility and moisture, which provide staple food for millions of people. Millets have strong, deep rooting systems and short life cycles. Breeding research in millets, habitually engages different species, cultivars, and varieties. This makes an immense challenge to maintain the different varieties and their identif...

Millets are annual grasses and grow well under the marginal conditions of soil fertility and moisture, which provide staple food for millions of people. Millets have strong, deep rooting systems and short life cycles. Breeding research in millets, habitually engages different species, cultivars, and varieties. This makes an immense challenge to maintain the different varieties and their identif...

Millets are annual grasses and grow well under the marginal conditions of soil fertility and moisture, which provide staple food for millions of people. Millets have strong, deep rooting systems and short life cycles. Breeding research in millets, habitually engages different species, cultivars, and varieties. This makes an immense challenge to maintain the different varieties and their identif...

Millets are annual grasses and grow well under the marginal conditions of soil fertility and moisture, which provide staple food for millions of people. Millets have strong, deep rooting systems and short life cycles. Breeding research in millets, habitually engages different species, cultivars, and varieties. This makes an immense challenge to maintain the different varieties and their identif...

Millets are annual grasses and grow well under the marginal conditions of soil fertility and moisture, which provide staple food for millions of people. Millets have strong, deep rooting systems and short life cycles. Breeding research in millets, habitually engages different species, cultivars, and varieties. This makes an immense challenge to maintain the different varieties and their identif...

We consider several aspects of Wilke’s [T. Wilke, An algebraic characterization of frontier testable tree languages, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 154 (1996) 85–106] tree algebra formalism for representing binary labelled trees and compare it with approaches that represent trees as terms in the traditional way. A convergent term rewriting system yields normal form representations of binary trees and co...