FINAL PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION of eating resides in the hypothalamus. There signals from the periphery (e.g., leptin, insulin, glucose) activate and inhibit circuits that drive ingestive behavior. Thus leptin and insulin act on neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Leptin inhibits neurons that coexpress neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and also activates proopiomelanocortin (POM...

During the last few decades, consumption of low-calorie sweeteners, as a substitute for caloric has sharply increased. Although research shows that versus sweeteners can have differential effects on brain, it is unknown which neuronal populations are responsible detecting difference between two types sweeteners. Using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, we investigated how drinking sucrose or s...