Let X;Xn, n ≥ 1, be a sequence of independent identically distributed random variables. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the strong law of large numbers n−k/p ∑ 1≤i1 x• as x → ∞, without further conditi...

People believe that, even in very large samples, proportions of binary signals might depart significantly from the population mean. We model this "non-belief in the Law of Large Numbers" by assuming that a person believes that proportions in any given sample might be determined by a rate different than the true rate. In prediction, a non-believer expects the distribution of signals will have fa...

Let the random variable Zn,k denote the number of increasing subsequences of length k in a random permutation from Sn, the symmetric group of permutations of {1, ..., n}. We show that V ar(Zn,kn ) = o((EZn,kn ) ) as n → ∞ if and only if kn = o(n 2 5 ). In particular then, the weak law of large numbers holds for Zn,kn if kn = o(n 2 5 ); that is, lim n→∞ Zn,kn EZn,kn = 1, in probability. We also ...

Abstract The Law of Large Numbers tells us that as the sample size (N) is increased, the sample mean converges on the population mean, provided that the latter exists. In this paper, we investigate the opposite effect: keeping the sample size fixed while increasing the number of outcomes (M) available to a discrete random variable. We establish sufficient conditions for the variance of the samp...

during the past few years, the iranian system of education and research in law has received severe changes, which have seriously damaged this system, and consequently have led to the decline of the iranian legal system. some such changes are not limited to law; rather, they are present in other fields of human sciences. this can be partially due to university instructors (e.g., how they are rec...

In this paper, weak laws of large numbers for sum of independent and identically distributed fuzzy random variables are obtained.

The five basic axioms of Kolmogorov define the probability in the real set R and do not take into consideration the imaginary part which takes place in the complex set C, a problem that we are facing in applied mathematics. Whatever the probability distribution of the random variable in R is, the corresponding probability in the whole set C equals always to one, so the outcome of the random exp...

Consider an election between two candidates in which the voters’ choices are random and independent and the probability of a voter choosing the first candidate is p > 1/2. Condorcet’s Jury Theorem which he derived from the weak law of large numbers asserts that if the number of voters tends to infinity then the probability that the first candidate will be elected tends to one. The notion of inf...

20.1. Additional technical results on weak convergence Given two metric spaces S1, S2 and a measurable function f : S1 → S2, suppose S1 is equipped with some probability measure P. This induces a probability measure on S2 which is denoted by Pf−1 and is defined by Pf−1(A) = P(f−1(A) for every measurable set A ⊂ S2. Then for any random variable X : S2 → R, its expectation EPf −1 [X] is equal to ...

Consider an election between k candidates in which each voter votes randomly (but not necessarily independently) and suppose that there is a single candidate that every voter prefers (in the sense that each voter is more likely to vote for this special candidate than any other candidate). Suppose we have a voting rule that takes all of the votes and produces a single outcome and suppose that ea...