Many interesting human actions involve multiple interacting agents and also have typical durations. Further, there is an inherent hierarchical organization of these activities. In order to model these we introduce a new family of hidden Markov models (HMMs) that provide compositional state representations in both space and time and also a recursive hierarchical structure for inference at higher...

In this paper, we propose a framework that enables fault tolerance and dynamic load balancing for legacy codes running as backends of services. The framework architecture is divided into two layers. The upper layer contains the service interfaces and additional management services, while the legacy backends run in the lower layer. The management layer can record the invocation history or save s...

Ordered Mesoporous Carbon (OMC) represents an interesting material for electric double layer capacitors which has the high surface area, easily accessed ordered pore channels and lower production cost. In this work, CMK-3 as promising OMC has been fabricated using the ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 as a template. The structure and morphology of CMK-3 are characterized by X-ray diffraction...

We study the primary root growth of wild-type Medicago truncatula plants in heterogeneous environments using 3D time-lapse imaging. The growth medium is a transparent hydrogel consisting of a stiff lower layer and a compliant upper layer. We find that the roots deform into a helical shape just above the gel layer interface before penetrating into the lower layer. This geometry is interpreted as...

Ever since Cajal hypothesized that the structure of neurons is designed in such a way as to save space, time and matter, numerous researchers have analyzed wiring properties at different scales of brain organization. Here we test the hypothesis that individual pyramidal cells, the most abundant type of neuron in the cerebral cortex, optimize brain connectivity in terms of wiring length. In this...

OBJECTIVES Compare rates of medical insurance claims for musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) between workers in a construction trade and a general worker population to determine if higher physical exposures in construction lead to higher rates of claims on personal medical insurance. METHODS Health insurance claims between 2006 and 2010 from floor layers were frequency matched by age, gender, eli...

The primary somatosensory cortex (S1 area) is one of the key brain structures for central processing of somatic noxious information to produce pain perception. However, so far, the spatiotemporal characteristics of neuronal activities associated with peripheral persistent nociception have rarely been studied. In the present report, we used c-Fos as a neuronal marker to analyze spatial and tempo...

The discovery of a phase transition in Mg-rich perovskite (Pv) to a post-perovskite (pPv) phase at lower mantle depths and its relationship to D′′, lower mantle heterogeneity and iron content prompted an investigation of the relative importance of lower mantle compositional and temperature fluctuations in creating topographic undulations on mixed phase regions. Above the transition, Mgrich Pv m...

The important aspect of this layer-wise training procedure is that, provided the number of features per layer does not decrease, [6] showed that each extra layer increases a variational lower bound on the log probability of data. So layer-by-layer training can be repeated several times1 to learn a deep, hierarchical model in which each layer of features captures strong high-order correlations b...