Official and semi-official estimates of New Zealand’s national income are available on an annual basis for the years since 1932. Retrospective, non-official, estimates are available from 1859. Chiefly these are constructed following Doblin’s (1951) pioneering use of money stock data, velocity, and the implications of the Quantity Theory of Money, and include the estimates of Hawke (1975), Ranki...

In September, 1865, the Council of the Society presented to the Foreign Office a memorial concerning the then recent extension of cholera along the shores of the Mediterranean. After referring to previous pandemics of this destructive disease, the memorial stated that, " hitherto the information before the profession respecting the exact course of the development of cholera in the several epide...

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Among the historical collection gathered by the 'Comisión Científica del Pacífico' during 1862-1865, type material was found of one of the species described on the basis of the material collected shortly afterwards. Inspection of the types revealed that only one specimen may be considered as type material of Bulimusaristaceus Crosse, 1869; this specimen is now designated as the lectotype. The o...

The incorrect generic name Perisphaeria Burmeister, 1838 results from a mistake by Princis (1947). Perisphaeria is an incorrect spelling by Burmeister referring to Perisphaerus Serville, 1831. Princis (1947) incorrectly regarded Perisphaeria as proposed by Burmeister and as the senior synonym of Hyposphaeria Lucas, 1863, which is valid. The subfamilial name Perisphaeriinae based on Perisphaeria...

IGnAz SEmmElWEIS – HAnD WASHInG PIonEEr Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (July 1, 1818 – August 13, 1865) was the Hungarian – Austrian physician who demonstrated that puerperal fever (also known as “childbed fever”) was contagious and that its incidence could be drastically reduced by enforcing appropriate hand washing by medical care-givers. He made this discovery in 1847 while head of the Maternity D...

Descriptions of the flattening (platybasia) of the skull base and the upward displacement(impression) of the basilar and condylar portions of the occipitalbone by the upper cervical spine date to the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Anatomical measurements to display these abnormalities were begun in 1865, but the full clinical significance was not appreciated until Homen's work in 1901. Sub...

Since KORBER1) discovered in 1865 that human fetal hemoglobin is more resistant to alkali than the adult one, numerous works indicating differences in properties of the fetal and the adult pigment have been published . Biochemically, a considerable dissimilarity is found in their amino acid compositions and primary structures, i. e. amino acid sequences2). Physiologically , it has long been kno...

Introduction “Well, in our country,” said Alice, still panting a little, “you'd generally get to somewhere else if you ran very fast for a long time as we've been doing.” “A slow sort of country!” said the Queen. “Now, here, I see. It takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!” – Lewis Carroll’s Al...

The field of control and systems has been connected to biological systems and biotechnology for many decades, going back to the work of Norbert Wiener on cybernetics in 1965, the work of Walter Cannon on homeostasis in 1929, and the early work of Claude Bernard on the milieu interieur in 1865. Nonetheless, the impact of control and systems on devices and applications in the field of biology has...