A combined simulation and testing approach has been developed to evaluate battery packs in real driving conditions as opposed to purely experimental testing. The new approach is costeffective, greatly accelerates battery development cycle, and enables innovative battery design and optimization. Several fundamental models for valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), and Li-...

A group of 39 storage battery workers was evaluated in terms of pertinent biochemical parameters with regard to duration and degree of occupational exposure to lead. Twenty-two of the group had recognized toxic blood lead levels of greater than 60 mcg/100 ml, but fully 31 exceeded the Center for Disease Control's upper limit of normal for erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Other abnormal values found ...

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This study is to determine the distribution of the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphism among Han subjects of the Chinese population and to study whether the polymorphism in the ALAD gene modifies the toxicity of lead in lead-exposed workers. For this purpose we conducted a cross-sectional study on 156 Chinese workers who were exposed to lead in lead-acid battery and electr...

Analytical models have been developed to diminish test procedures for product realization, but they have only been partially successful in consistently predicting the performance of battery systems. The complex set of interacting physical and chemical processes within battery systems have made the development of analytical models to be a significant challenge. Advanced simulation tools are need...

The main purpose of this paper is to design a charge equalization circuit for series connected lead-acid batteries. The charger utilizes a three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) AC/DC converter with voltage balance control to charge the series connected rechargeable battery strings. This paper details the operation principles of the charge equalization circuit under different operation modes a...