16 Recent reports from Australia suggest that cobalt chloride is being used in racehorses 17 competing in New South Wales and Victoria. Although these are the first such reports, it is 18 suspected that cobalt chloride may have been used illegally for some time. Cobalt chloride is 19 a well-established hypoxia mimetic that is used experimentally to stabilise hypoxia-inducible 20 factor 1  (HIF...

In excitable cells, the generation of an action potential (AP) is associated with transient changes of the intra- and extracellular concentrations of small ions such as Na(+), K(+) and Cl(-). If these changes cannot be fully reversed between successive APs cumulative changes of trans-membrane ion gradients will occur, impinging on the cell volume and the duration, amplitude and frequency of APs...

THE EFFECT OF EXPOSING RABBIT RETICULOCYTE RIBOSOMES TO CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE WAS EXAMINED BY: (a) dialysis against 0.5m-potassium chloride; (b) zone centrifugation through a sucrose gradient in 0.5m-potassium chloride; (c) differential centrifugation of a solution made 0.5m with respect to potassium chloride. The products of each treatment and their ability to support pr...

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Reverse osmosis concentrate from wastewater reclamation contains biorefractory trace organic contaminants that may pose environmental or health hazard. Due to its high conductivity, electrochemical oxidation of brine requires low voltage which is energetically favourable. However, the presence of chloride ions may lead to the formation of chlorinated by-products, which are likely to exert an in...

a new carboxylic acid extractant, named 2-(dibutylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid, is prepared and its potential for selective solvent extraction and recovery of lead ions from industrial samples was investigated. the slope analysis indicated that the lead ions are extracted by formation of 1:2 metal to ligand complexes. the effect of the parameters influencing the extraction efficiency including kind o...

Understanding the formation of sulfate particles in the troposphere is critical because of their health effects and their direct and indirect effects on radiative forcing, and hence on climate. Laboratory studies of the chemical and physical changes in sodium chloride, the major component of sea-salt particles, show that sodium hydroxide is generated upon reaction of deliquesced sodium chloride...

The purpose of this study was to identify the concentration of multi-elements (MEs) in source water (surface and drinking water) and assess their quality for sustainability. A total of 161 water samples including 88 tap drinking waters (DW) and 73 surface waters (SW) were collected from five cities in Xi'an, Yan'an, Xining, Lanzhou, and Urumqi in northwestern China. Eighteen parameters includin...

Mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are involved in mammalian brain damage. However, little is known about Pb and Cd brain levels in wildlife that reflect the geochemical background. The aims of the study include the estimation of Hg, Pb and Cd concentrations, and the determination of relationships between these elements in the brains of 94 mesocarnivores. Road-killed or hunted animals wer...

BACKGROUND The toxic trace elements mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and antimony (Sb) are transferred over the placenta to the fetus and secreted into the breastmilk. All four elements bioaccumulate in the body and as maternal age at delivery is increasing in industrialized countries, the burden of toxic trace elements in never-pregnant women of fertile age is of concern. METHODS Health...