This paper tries to analyze the main differences between common law and continental legal systems with regard to administrative law taking into account some aspects of basic constitutional law (The UK does not have a written Constitution). Although both legal systems are committed to the constitutionalism of the modernity, their diversities are much more fundamental, than one would imagine from...

“human dignity” is mentioned in both the instruments of international human rights and the national constitutions of countries, and is often recognized either as a justification of “rights” or as one of the constitutional rights. this issue has a special place in the constitution of iran as well. consistent with the international and national human rights instruments, in different legal systems...

There has been very little published research on building legal decision support systems to perform risk assessment. Yet one of the principal goals of the law is to reduce risk through the avoidance of litigation. This paper discusses ongoing research on how legal decision support systems can support risk reduction and negotiation. Toulmin’s theory of argumentation is proposed as one technique ...

Legal ontologies are useful in the design of knowledge systems because they are reusable. A library of such ontologies could greatly enhance the development of legal knowledge systems. In this article we address the creation of such a library. In particular, we discuss four legal ontologies and investigate how the ontologies can be indexed and represented in a library.

Metalloproteins are an important class of proteins and perform a variety of biological processes. They are ideally suited for Synchrotron Radiation studies. In particular, X-ray region of the spectrum has been very effectively exploited not only for crystallographic structure determinations but X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and more recently X-ray solution scattering techniques have al...

Multilingualism is a phenomenon which greatly affects the efficiency of information exchange among people in every sector of life. Cross-language retrieval systems are tools that contribute to such exchange, supporting research and worldwide communication, helping to search for data irrespective of the language in which information objects are expressed. In particular, in the domain of law a va...

Those who work in the legal system are often viewed negatively as unhelpful and unsympathetic to those in need of legal assistance. Applicants seeking help from legal personnel feel disdain for the legal process because their expectations are not satisfied. This study examines how the communication processes between people seeking legal assistance and legal personnel contribute to an asymmetric...

Attempts to apply conventional rule-based expert systems to legal problem-solving raise seemingly insurmountable obstacles. The authors analyse the key challenges of developing a legal expert system by reference to a case study of issues arising in their prototype system, the JAES project. This paper explores the advantages of exploiting three alternative approachesnamely: case-based reasoning,...

We analyze the relationship between legal institutions, innovation and growth. We compare a rigid (law set ex-ante) legal system and a flexible one (law set after observing current technology). The flexible system dominates in terms of welfare, amount of innovation and output growth at intermediate stages of technological development periods when legal change is needed. The rigid system is pref...

ABSTRACT This paper describes a detailed analysis of a student-centered problem-based learning group. The focus of this analysis is to understand the goals and strategies of an expert facilitator. This was accomplished by examining the questions and statements that the students and facilitators generated and inferring the facilitator’s goals and strategies. Studying facilitation in a face to fa...