measurement, levator plication advancement was performed on the patient. During levator plication advancement, if there was only 1 stitch, point of suture was fixed at the midline, and additional sutures were done symmetrically. Same measurement procedure done prior to the surgery was repeated after a while reduced swelling. Patients were grouped according to the number of fixation, then, the d...

Isolated unilateral congenital ptosis is encountered relatively infrequently in clinical practice. It typically consists of a unilateral droopy eyelid, weak levator palpebrae superioris muscle function, lid lag, and an absent upper lid crease with no other abnormalities on examination. We present a four-and-a-half-year-old girl with isolated and mild unilateral congenital ptosis who unexpectedl...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the risk of prolapse associated with levator avulsion injury among a urogynaecological clinic population. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING Tertiary urogynaecological unit. SAMPLE A total of 934 women seen for interview, examination using the pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) staging system and imaging of the levator ani muscle by four-dime...

Amongst the endocrine glands, thyroid gland is well known for its developmental anomalies, which range from common to rare ones. The presence of levator glandulae thyroideae and its anatomical variations gain importance in the pathologies which are related to thyroid gland and their treatment modalities. Levator glandulae thyroideae is a fibromuscular band. If it is present, it is usually seen ...

AIMS The study aimed to: a) determine reliability of an instrumented speculum designed for measuring intravaginal closure pressure, and b) compare findings with a comparable device reported in the literature. The goal of these new devices is to reduce subjectivity, improve precision, and acknowledge reliability issues in quantifying levator ani closure force acting on the vagina. METHODS The ...

hemangioma of the rib is a rare benign vascular tumor. herein, we report a 63-year-old man presenting with hemangioma of the left sixth rib. an osteolytic eccentric expansive mass with calcification and focal cortical disruption was detected on chest computed tomography (ct). the mass showed low 2-deoxy-2-[18f]-fluoro-d-glucose (18f-fdg) avidity on positron emission tomography. the patient unde...

AIMS Functional tests have demonstrated minimal loss of vaginal closure force with age. So we tested the null hypotheses that age neither affects the maximum cross-sectional area (CSA) nor the volume of the levator muscle. Corresponding hypotheses were also tested in the adjacent obturator internus muscle, which served as a control for the effect of age on appendicular muscle in these women. ...

The anatomic structures in the female that prevent incontinence and genital organ prolapse on increases in abdominal pressure during daily activities include sphincteric and supportive systems. In the urethra, the action of the vesical neck and urethral sphincteric mechanisms maintains urethral closure pressure above bladder pressure. Decreases in the number of striated muscle fibers of the sph...

OBJECTIVE To develop a three-dimensional computer model to predict levator ani muscle stretch during vaginal birth. METHODS Serial magnetic resonance images from a healthy nulliparous 34-year-old woman, published anatomic data, and engineering graphics software were used to construct a structural model of the levator ani muscles along with related passive tissues. The model was used to quanti...