There are many cases in which the natural translation of one language into another results in a very different form than that of the original. The existence of translation divergences (i.e., crosslinguistic distinctions) makes the straightforward transfer from source structures into target structures impractical. Many existing translation systems have mechanisms for handling divergent structure...

This paper discusses the issue of language sampling in the development of a framework for multilingual lexical representation (MLR). The approach to MLR adopted here aims at developing a hierarchical lexical structure which permits sharing of information across languages. The multilingual nature of such a lexical hierarchy raises methodological and theoretical issues for its design and developm...

Unsupervised learning of grammar is a problem that can be important in many areas ranging from text preprocessing for information retrieval and classification to machine translation. We describe an MDL based grammar of a language that contains morphology and lexical categories. We use an unsupervised learner of morphology to bootstrap the acquisition of lexical categories and use these two lear...

This introduction sets the stage for the papers making up this special issue. Its focus is on two major problems in the study of lexical processing-determining the phases involved in recognising a spoken word and identifying the nature of different types of contextual influences on these phases. An attempt is made to decompose the process of recognising a word into phases which have both theore...

This paper presents a novel method for the computation of word meaning in context. We make use of a factorization model in which words, together with their window-based context words and their dependency relations, are linked to latent dimensions. The factorization model allows us to determine which dimensions are important for a particular context, and adapt the dependency-based feature vector...

A Bayesian-based model for lexical decision, REM-LD, is fit to data from a novel version of a signal-to-respond paradigm. REM-LD calculates the odds that a test item is a word, by accumulating likelihood ratios for each lexical entry in a small neighborhood of similar words. The new model predicts the time course of observed effects of nonword lexicality, word frequency and repetition priming. ...

A significant problem when translating Japanese dialogues into German is the missing information on number and definiteness in the Japanese analysis output. The integration of the search for such information into the transfer process provides an efficient solution. General transfer rules, preference rules and default rules are combined. The transfer includes conditions to make it possible to co...

Horizontal redundancy is inherent to lex-ica consisting of descriptions of fully formed objects. This causes an unwelcome expansion of the lexical database and increases parsing time. To eliminate it, direct relations between descriptions of fully formed objects are often deened. These are additional to the (Typed Multiple) Inheritance Network which already structures the lexicon. Many implemen...

To what extent does prior knowledge of a superordinate category facilitate recognition of an instance of that category? In Experiment 1, observers named good and poor exemplars of categories with and without prior presentation of the category name. The test words were either printed in a normal upright position, or the words were rotated 180°. Prior priming with the category name shortened nami...

Phishing is a kind of attack that belongs to social engineering and this attack seeks to trick people in order to let them reveal their confidential information. Several methods are introduced to detect phishing websites by using different types of features. Unfortunately, these techniques implemented for specific attack vector such as detecting phishing emails which make implementing wide scop...