Complex situations of today's life have led to the complexity of urban life issues and not pay attention to the quality of life. Studies in this field are increasingly gaining the attention of urban planners and policymakers due to its usefulness in assessing and monitoring public policies, also they can use as effective tools in urban management and planning. This study investigated the QOL in...

RATIONALE Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes increased mortality in the general population. But life expectancy and the years of life lost have not been reported. OBJECTIVES To quantify mortality, examine how it varies with age, sex, and other risk factors, and determine how life expectancy is affected. METHODS We constructed mortalit...