BACKGROUND Posttraumatic nightmares are a highly prevalent and distressing symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but have been the subject of limited phenomenological investigations. METHODS We utilized a communication box to establish PTSD symptoms in rats through exposure to footshock stress (FS) and psychological stress (PS). The immunohistochemical test and high-performance liq...

To identify rat brainstem nuclei involved in the initial, short-term response to a change in gravito-inertial force, adult Long-Evans rats were rotated in the horizontal plane for 90 min in complete darkness after they were eccentrically positioned off the axis of rotation (off-axis) causing a centripetal acceleration of 2 g. Neural activation was defined by the brainstem distribution of the c-...

In 1913, the Breslau neurologist Lewy described globular inclusions of cytoplasmic condensations in the cells of the nucleus substantiae innominatae and the dorsal vagal nucleus in paralysis agitans. These cell inclusions have since been described by many other investigators. In 1923, Lewy also found them in the pigmented ganglion cells of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. Tretiakoff...

Several "locomotor regions" of the mammalian brain stem can be stimulated, either electrically or chemically, to induce locomotion. Active cells labeled with c-fos within the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) have been found in the periaqueductal gray, the cuneiform nucleus, the pedunculopontine nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. Different subsets of these nuclei appear to be activated during...

As described in detail elsewhere in this volume, hypocretin (Hcrt, also called orexin) is a neuropeptide discovered recently in brain by subtractive hybridization technology 1 and orphan receptor analysis. Anatomical studies revealed that this peptide is made only in a select group of neurons in the hypothalamus, which project widely throughout the neuraxis. Functional analyses initially reveal...

In 1913, the Breslau neurologist Lewy described globular inclusions of cytoplasmic condensations in the cells of the nucleus substantiae innominatae and the dorsal vagal nucleus in paralysis agitans. These cell inclusions have since been described by many other investigators. In 1923, Lewy also found them in the pigmented ganglion cells of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. Tretiakoff...

In an acute study, cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfate (CCK) in doses of 1, 10 or 100 micrograms/kg body weight was injected intraperitoneally into rats just prior to the dark cycle. Rats were sacrificed two hours following the CCK injection. Norepinephrine levels were elevated in the dorsal amygdala of rats injected with 10 micrograms of CCK as well as in the septum of rats injected with 1 and...

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to control activity in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC). Prior anatomical and stimulation studies demonstrated potential for PFC-LC interactions; however, it unknown what types of PFC affect LC. Here, we show that transient increases high ? power associated changes unit-pair synchrony are a sign top-down over