A 24-year-old male medical student had a 6-year history of bilateral knee pain, worse on his left side than on his right, which had increasingly limited his activities, preventing him from playing soccer. The pain was localized to the lateral aspect of his knees and was accompanied by a catching sensation. His symptoms were exacerbated with activity, particularly descending stairs and rising fr...

phy (MDCTA) and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) are superior to computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evaluating shoulder instability (1, 2). Previous reports have indicated that MRA is more accurate for evaluating the capsuloligamentous complex, the glenoid labrum, the intracapsular portion of the long head of the biceps tendon, and the rotator cuff than CT art...

The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) is an anatomic structure commonly involved in painful shoulder conditions as a result of trauma, degeneration, or overuse. Recent studies have pointed out the close correlation between LHBT lesions and rotator cuff (RCT) tears. Clinicians need to take into account the importance of the LHBT in the presence of other shoulder pathologies. This paper provi...

Internal causes of impingement are secondary to rotator cuff and capsular dysfunction and are categorized by the location of the impingement and the underlying pathophysiological or mechanical cause of the impingement. These include posterosuperior impingement, anterosuperior impingement, anterior impingement, and entrapment of the long head of the biceps tendon. The objective of this article i...