Loperamide misuse and abuse is on the rise with some individuals consuming high doses in an attempt to self-manage their opioid withdrawal symptoms or achieve a euphoric high. The issue has become so pervasive problematic recent years that have labeled loperamide “poor man's methadone.” “Abuse of continues United States, taking higher than recommended can cause serious heart problems lead death...

Active blood-brain barrier mechanisms, such as the major efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (mdr1), modulate the in vivo/central nervous system (CNS) effects of many pharmacological agents, whether they are used for nonmedical reasons or in pharmacotherapy. The powerful, widely available hallucinogen salvinorin A (from the plant Salvia divinorum) is a high-efficacy, selective κ-opioid agonist an...

BACKGROUND Racecadotril is a guideline-recommended option for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children but existing guidelines and previous reviews of the field are based on a small fraction of published evidence. Therefore, we have performed a systematic search for randomized controlled trials evaluating racecadotril as add-on or in comparison to other treatments. METHODS A search was per...