The demonstration of quantized spin splitting by Stern and Gerlach is one of the most important experiments in modern physics. Their discovery was the precursor of recent developments in spin-based technologies. Although electrical spin separation of charged particles is fundamental in spintronics, in non-uniform magnetic fields it has been difficult to separate the spin states of charged parti...

The classical Avez-Seifert theorem is generalized to the case of the Lorentz force equation for charged test particles with fixed charge-to-mass ratio. Given two events x0 and x1, with x1 in the chronological future of x0, and a ratio q/m, it is proved that a timelike connecting solution of the Lorentz force equation exists provided there is no null connecting geodesic and the spacetime is glob...

A second order implicit f Lorentz ion hybrid model with sub-cycling and orbit averaging has been developed to study low-frequency, quasi-neutral plasmas. Models using the full Lorentz force equations of motion for ions may be useful for verifying gyrokinetic ion simulation models in applications where higher order terms may be important. In the presence of a strong external magnetic field, prev...

The optical properties of five metal phthalocyanines (MPcs) thin films (cobalt phthalocyanine (Pc), copper Pc, iron Pc (FePc), nickel Pc, and zinc Pc), were studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Thin films of these MPcs were evaporated in high vacuum onto glass substrates, quartz substrates, and silicon substrates. Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements were performed in the wavelength range ...

We are concerned here with confined, axisymmetric flows of small viscosity driven by a prescribed Lorentz force. In a previous paper we examined the case where the body force is purely azimuthal, generating a swirling motion. We showed that, in such cases, Ekman pumping provides the means by which the flow establishes a steady state. In this paper we examine a problem which, superficially, look...

The short-lived longitudinal plasma oscillations generated during filamentation in argon and nitrogen gas are measured with a specially designed current monitor. The magnitude and initial direction of the corresponding currents depend sensitively on laser polarization and nature of the gas. The results are interpreted as resulting from the competition between two forces acting on free electrons...

Large static magnetic fields may be employed in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). At high magnetic field strengths (usually from about 3 T and above) it is possible for humans to perceive a number of effects. One such effect is mild vertigo. Recently, Roberts et al (2011 Current Biology 21 1635-40) proposed a Lorentz-force mechanism resulting from the ionic currents occurring naturally in the e...

We complete a metric-free axiomatic framework for electrodynamics by introducing the appropriate energy-momentum current Σα of the electromagnetic field. We start from the Lorentz force density and motivate the form of Σα. Then we postulate it (fourth axiom) and discuss its properties. In particular, it is found that Σα is traceless and invariant under an electric-magnetic reciprocity transform...

The interaction between the magnetic field of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine and ion currents within the inner-ear endolymph results in a Lorentz force. This force produces a pressure that pushes on the cupula within the semicircular canals causing nystagmus and vertigo. Here I discuss several implications of this unique and noninvasive way to stimulate the vestibular system in expe...

The problem of the efficiency of particle acceleration for paraboloidal poloidal magnetic field is considered within the approach of steady axisymmetric MHD flow. For the large Michel magnetization parameter σ it is possible to linearize the stream equation near the force-free solution and to solve the problem self-consistently as was done by Beskin, Kuznetsova & Rafikov (1998) for monopole mag...