Mixed results with the synthetic β-adrenergic receptor blocker, propranolol, have been reported in human populations with regards to its therapeutic efficacy for PTSD treatments targeting the memory reconsolidation process. Stress alters the ability to form and maintain memory, but whether the causal neuronal mechanisms underling memory formation in PTSD are similar to normal memory is not clea...

A water soluble acidic heteropolysaccharide named wAF was isolated from Auricularia auricula-judae. It composed of a backbone of α(1→3)-linked D-mannopyranose residues. WAF fractions exhibited strong inhibition against Acinar cell carcinoma proliferation in vitro test. It significantly inhibited tumour growth in dose-dependent way in BALB/c mice. Moreover, the enhancement ratios of mice body we...

Stress has been shown to both impair and enhance learning, long-term memory (LTM) formation, and/or its recall. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, both detects and responds to the scent of a crayfish predator with multiple stress-related behavioral responses. Using both behavioral and electrophysiological evidence, this investigation is a first attempt to characterize how an environmentally rel...

In the freshwater environment species often rely on chemosensory information to modulate behavior. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is a model species used to characterize the causal mechanisms of long-term memory (LTM) formation. Chemical stressors including crayfish kairomones and KCl enhance LTM formation (≥24 h) in Lymnaea; however, how these stressors are sensed and the mechanism by whic...

Aerial respiration in the fresh water mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis is controlled by an identified network of central pattern generating neurons (CPG). The CPG underlying central respiratory rhythmogenesis is comprised of three cells: namely RPeD1, VD4 and IP3I. IP3I and VD4 control expiration and inspiration, respectively, whereas RPeD1 initiates respiratory rhythmogenesis. Both in vivo and in vit...

The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is an intermediate vector for the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, a common parasite of ruminants and humans. Yet, despite being a disease of medical and economic importance, as well as a potentially useful comparative tool, the genetics of the relationship between Lymnaea and Fasciola has barely been investigated. As a complement to forthcomingF. hepatica express...

in order to assay the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic nematode, heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar, 1975 on the indigenous population of common earwig, forficula auricularia l., several concentrations including 100, 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 3000 (ijs/ml of dw) were used in the laboratory conditions. in this experiment, effects of time (f 1, 91= 4.22, p

Both edible fungal polysaccharides (Auricularia and Tremellan) Crataegus flavonoids promote the balance of dyslipidemia, which have a positive biological regulating effect on intestinal flora. In this study, extraction water-soluble from Auricularia Tremellan was investigated optimized firstly. Polysaccharides were then combined to study effects mediating role abnormal blood lipid concentration...

The aim of this study was to investigate the neural correlates of operant conditioning in a semi-intact preparation of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Lymnaea learns, via operant conditioning, to reduce its aerial respiratory behaviour in response to an aversive tactile stimulus to its open pneumostome. This thesis demonstrates the successful conditioning of naive semiintact preparations to ...

The present geographical distribution of Lymnaea columella, as recorded in the National Freshwater Snail Collection, is described and discussed. It appears that L. columella is the most successful colonist of all the freshwater snail species in South Africa, and, together with Bulinus tropicus and Lymnaea natalensis, it forms the most widely distributed freshwater snail species in the region. D...