Versions of this article were presented at the 2000 Conference on the Scientific Study of Judicial Politics (Ohio State University), the 2001 Conference on Positive Theories of Constitutions and Constitutional Design (Mershon Center, Ohio State University), the 2001 Midwest Political Science Association Meeting (Chicago), the 2001 General Conference of the European Consortium for Political Rese...

A concurrent Kleene algebra offers, next to choice and iteration, operators for sequential and concurrent composition, related by an inequational form of the exchange law. We show applicability of the algebra to a partially-ordered trace model of program execution semantics and demonstrate its usefulness by validating familiar proof rules for sequential programs (Hoare triples) and for concurre...

Concurrent Kleene Algebra (CKA) by Tony Hoare et al. is an algebraic structure that unifies the laws of concurrent programming. The unifying power of CKA rests largely on the so called exchange law that describes how concurrent and sequential composition operators can be interchanged. This paper extends Gischer's pomsets model with least fixed point operators thereby constructing a partial orde...

one of the capital market financial instruments, especially in islamic countries, is sukuk or islamic securities. sukuk is based on islamic law. different types of sukuk are available for different economic situations of countries and different investors. one type of sukuk is mozare'e which is the subject of this research. to do this, we have used financial indices of crops to compare moza...

The Aharonov-Vaidman gauge additively transforms the mean energy of a quantum mechanical system into a weak valued system energy. In this paper, the equation of motion of this weak valued energy is used to provide a mathematical statement of an extended 1st Law of Thermodynamics that is applicable to the mean energy of a closed quantum system when the mean energy is expressed in the Aharonov-Va...

In this paper, we investigate the statistical properties of the waiting times between two successive price changes above a fixed threshold (or a fixed point) for the indices of Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The database is from the indices of Shanghai and Shenzhen in the 10-year period from January 1997 to December 2006, and the empirical research shows that the distribut...

A concurrent Kleene algebra offers, next to choice and iteration, two composition operators, one that stands for sequential execution and the other for concurrent execution. They are related by an inequational form of the exchange law. We show the applicability of the algebra to a partially-ordered trace model of program execution semantics and demonstrate its usefulness by validating familiar ...

Using fuzzy logic technique images. The suggested method is introduced for the using a combination of fuzzy algorithm. The fuzzification of underexposed region has been carried o membership function and for fuzzifying function is found suitable. been defined for both underexposed and overexposed saturation and intensity (HSV) color space is used for the trans from RGB to HSV space without chang...

WAITING BEFORE THE LAW IN KAFKA’S PARABLE “BEFORE THE LAW” WE SEE, quite famously, that the story’s protagonist (known only as “the man from the country”) is forced to wait before the gate of law for his whole life. The gatekeeper, whose only purpose seems to be to bar the man’s way, keeps him sitting on a stool just before the gate. As the man is dying from old age, he has this well-known exch...