Hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin (orx/hcrt) neurons regulate energy balance, wakefulness, and reward; their loss produces narcolepsy and weight gain. Glucose can lower the activity of orx/hcrt cells, but whether other dietary macronutrients have similar effects is unclear. We show that orx/hcrt cells are stimulated by nutritionally relevant mixtures of amino acids (AAs), both in brain slice patch...

Centrally acting oxytocin (OT) is known to terminate food consumption in response to excessive stomach distension, increase in salt loading, and presence of toxins. Hypothalamic-hindbrain OT pathways facilitate these aspects of OT-induced hypophagia. However, recent discoveries have implicated OT in modifications of feeding via reward circuits: OT has been found to differentially affect consump...

The effect of pig slurry fertilization on tWQ olive (Olea europaea L. ev. Empeltre) groves has becn studied for ane season. The dosage of landsprayed slurry was 15 and 30 m3hafor a non-irrigatcd olive grove, which was in a bearing year and 30 and 60 m3hat fUT an irrigated grovc in a non-beaTing year. The macronutrient seasonal trend, both young (Iess than ayear old) and old (older than ane ycar...

Public concern with body-weight management or other potential effects of excessive fat or sugar consumption have prompted massive industrial efforts in the development and marketing of intense sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, and fat replacement ingredients and technologies for macronutrient reduction in foods. The range of materials used and proposed for use as sugar and fat substitutes, and their...

Accurate measurements of soil macronutrients (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) are needed for efficient agricultural production, including site-specific crop management (SSCM), where fertilizer nutrient application rates are adjusted spatially based on local requirements. Rapid, non-destructive quantification of soil properties, including nutrient levels, has been possible with optica...