Color is commonly described in terms of the three perceptual attributes-hue, saturation, and brightness-of which only hue has a qualitative nature, saturation and brightness being of a quantitative nature. A possible reason for such a phenomenological structure of the color manifold, and its geometric representation, are discussed.

Actions can create preferences, increasing the value ascribed to commodities acquired at greater cost. This behavioural finding has been observed in a variety of species; however, the causal factors underlying the phenomenon are relatively unknown. We sought to develop a behavioural platform to examine the relationship between effort and reinforcer value in mice trained under demanding or lenie...

The use of process models to speed up the development and optimize the design and operation of integrated processes has increased dramatically in recent years in the pharmaceutical industry.1,2 All aspects of modeling appliance (and process simulators as well) in process development need some guidelines. That is why different regulatory agencies (such as U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv...

Monoclonal antibodies have proved to be a highly successful class of therapeutic products. Large-scale manufacturing of pharmaceutical antibodies is a complex activity that requires considerable effort in both process and analytical development. If a therapeutic protein cannot be stabilized adequately, it will lose partially or totally its therapeutic properties or even cause immunogenic reacti...

Today, there are several hundreds of manufacturing processes available to the designer to choose from, and the number is constantly increasing. The ability to choose a manufacturing process for a particular user need set in the early stage of the design process is necessary. In metalcasting alone, there are over forty different processes with different capabilities. A designer can benefit from ...

We examine how key attributes of a business unit’s manufacturing strategy affected its plans to outsource manufacturing resources in the late 1990’s; a time when the outsourcing of production was at the forefront of manufacturing strategy. Drawing upon theory, we test a hierarchical regression model that includes the traditional transaction cost variables as well as operationsbased competitive ...

Solid Models are the critical data elements in modern Computer-Aided Design (CAD) environments, describing the shape and form of manufactured artifacts. Their growing ubiquity has created new problems in how to effectively manage the many models that are now stored in the digital libraries for large design and manufacturing enterprises. Existing techniques from engineering literature and indust...

In today’s practical work environment group decision making is essential to choose best alternative from set of alternatives which are characterized by multiple criteria. In manufacturing environment frequent group decision making is common practice which involves conflicting and multiple criteria problems. In present Competitive world manufacturing advantage can be achieved by lean practices. ...

The characteristic texture of turrón, torrone and nougat was examined. They are typical European confections prepared from almonds, honey, sugars and/or chocolate. Three different instrumental tests: puncture, cutting, and Texture Profile Analysis (TPA), were used in this study and samples prepared from three countries (Spain, Italy, and France), and by six manufacturing companies (two companie...