today, chronic viral hepatitis is considered as a public health problem in the world. totally, 5% of the world population, especially in asia and africa suffer from this problem. the prevalence of acute hepatitis in america is 0.1-0.2 percent, 50% of those with hepatitis c (hcv) and 5-10% of them with hepatitis b (hcv) develop chronic hepatitis. determining hbv and hcv genotypes is important to...

Background and Aims: Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious infectious disease of livestock which has made a barrier to hygiene causing severe loss in livestock and their products. The aim of this study was the assessment of antibody response against foot and mouth disease virus  types A13, A15 , O2010, after injection of FMD vaccine candidate produced by Razi Institue. Mater...

zika virus infection has become a worldwide public health problem that needs everyone’s attention. this dengue-like illness is classified as an arboviral infection and has already been seen in several countries around the world. apart from simple transmission by mosquito, the disease is reported to be transmittable through sexual contact and blood transfusion. in travel medicine, the importatio...

Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) is a virus-borne infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 viral. Most patients infected with virus will have mild to severe respiratory disease and recover without needing any special treatment. However, some people get serious illnesses need visit doctor. Older adults those underlying medical conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic or cancer, are...

      Varicella is a common and worldwide disease in childhood. It causes primary (chickenpox) and latent infection that may lead to a reactivation disease called zoster (shingles). Zoster or shingles is caused by reactivation of the virus that has been latent in the spinal dorsal ganglion and may occur even in immunocompetent hosts. Although zoster is rare in children, it ma...