The goal of environmental regulation is to protect public health by reducing the presence of certain pollutants. The health and environmental damages caused by a specific concentration of a given pollutant in a given location at a given point in time are the same regardless of its source. For political and practical reasons, however, environmental regulations have treated point source polluters...

Macro economic studies of the costs of reducing CO2 emissions generally estimate the global cost of stabilising the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 in the range 350–550 ppm in trillions of USD. This creates the impression that the cost of CO2 reductions is so large that it threatens economic development. But, presented in another way, a completely different picture emerges. There is widesprea...

We propose informational spillovers as a new rationale for the use of multiple policy instruments to mitigate single externality. investigate design pollution standard when firms’ abatement costs are unknown and emissions taxed. A firm might abate beyond what is required by equalizing its marginal tax rate, thereby revealing information about cost. analyze how regulator can take advantage this ...

The political economy of environmental policy favors the use of quantity-based instruments over price-based instruments (e.g., tradable permits over green taxes), at least in the United States. With cost uncertainty, however, there are clear efficiency advantages to prices in cases where the marginal damages of emissions are relatively flat, such as with greenhouse gases. The question arises, t...

Actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions often reduce co-emitted air pollutants, bringing co-benefits for air quality and human health. Past studies1-6 typically evaluated near-term and local co-benefits, neglecting the long-range transport of air pollutants7-9, long-term demographic changes, and the influence of climate change on air quality10-12. Here we simulate the co-benefits of gl...

risk management is one of the most important aspects of project management that identifies, assesses and responds to project risks. although many papers have been published in project risk response, presented tools and methods are poor. hence, in this paper, we present an optimization model to respond project risk that seeks to optimize two key criteria of project: cost and time. the proposed m...