The cordon pricing scheme is an efficient measure to untie congestion and environmental problems in urban metropolitan areas. Since March of 2007, Mashhad has implemented a restricted Central Business District (CBD) Zone as a seasonal congestion management program. The primary goal of the Mashhad cordon scheme is to reduce traffic congestion throughout the CBD. This paper describes the main fea...

Very low air quality in the Warsaw conurbation, Poland, similarly to case many large European cities, poses a serious threat residents’ health, being significant source of premature mortality. Many results presented earlier publications indicated local heating installations and car traffic as main emission categories responsible for this adverse population exposure, where dominant polluting com...

Reintroductions are commonly used to mitigate biodiversity loss. One prominent example is that of the Red Kite Milvus milvus, a charismatic raptor of conservation concern. This species has been reintroduced across the UK over the last 25 years following its near extinction after centuries of persecution. The species was not expected to recolonize urban areas; its historical association with hum...

BACKGROUND Psychiatric patients have an increased risk of some infections like toxoplasmosis. Investigations on Toxoplasma gondii infection among psychiatric patients have been limited in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran. In this case-control study, prevalence of T. gondii was investigated by serological method. METHODS This case-control study was performed among psychiatric patients admitted to Av...

BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant health problem throughout the world. Chronic form of the disease is found in about 75% to 85% of the newly infected individuals. The chronic infection may lead to severe forms including chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and with a higher mortality rate, hepatocellular carcinoma. Since no vaccine has yet been developed against HCV, the...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in institutionalized elderly people in Mashhad, northeast of Iran. BACKGROUND This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in the institutionalized elderly. METHODS In this survey, we studied all of the nursing homes in Mashhad; a total of five encompassing 237 residents. The subject...

BACKGROUND Donor recruitment and retention are significant problems in blood collection agencies around the world. The Aim of this study was to determine the causes of lack of interest to blood donation in eligible individu-als in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran. METHODS This was a descriptive study. Cases were 1130 non-donor individuals. Participants were selected from eligible individuals in dif...

1Department of Ophthalmology, Valiaser Hospital; 2Nursing College, Birjand Medical University, Birjand, Islamic Republic of Iran. 3Department of Ophthalmology, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. Received: 09/05/03; accepted: 20/10/03 ABSTRACT To investigate the possible relationship between hyperhomocysteinaemia and retinal vascular occlusion, we measured ...