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Abstract Previous research about the existence of an attentional bias for math in highly math-anxious (HMA) individuals shows inconsistent results, and methodologies used so far cannot distinguish various components bias. Here we adapted Grafton MacLeod (2014)’s methodology to assess biases linked anxiety engagement disengagement when task-irrelevant neutral symbols are briefly presented. Twent...

The fundamental rationale for advancing the present investigation is traced back to the recognition that construct-irrelevant variances and construct under-representation threaten the value implications and the consequential validity of the tests, hence spoiling the appropriateness and usefulness of the test scores for the purpose of decision-making (Mesick, 1989). Accordingly, this article dea...