Gender stereotypes about math and science do not need to be endorsed, or even available to conscious introspection, to contribute to the sex gap in engagement and achievement in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). We examined implicit math attitudes and stereotypes among a heterogeneous sample of 5,139 participants. Women showed stronger implicit negativity toward math than...

We examined the hypothesis that stereotype threat disrupts reflexive cuing of the default self-concept and instead evokes a more reflective process of self-definition. Across two studies, a reaction time measure of math schematicity assessed prior to a math test was predicted by baseline math schematicity among men (Study 1) and women in a nonthreatening condition (Study 2). However, among wome...

In the current study, we explored how a person's physiological arousal relates to their performance in a challenging math situation as a function of individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity and math-anxiety. Participants completed demanding math problems before and after which salivary cortisol, an index of arousal, was measured. The performance of lower WM individuals did not dep...

Mathematics is a necessary skill that people use throughout their lives, such as when they travel, use money, or keep track of time. Therefore, mathematics is an important skill to learn at school. Unfortunately, many children and adults feel stressed and anxious when they have to do math. People who experience feelings of stress when faced with math-related situations may be experiencing what ...

Metacognitive and Affective Factors Involved in High and Low Math Achievement J. Mesraabaadi, Ph.D. A. Reza'ee, Ph.D. To identify the extent to which different cognitive and affective factors are involved in high and low math achievement, a cluster sample of 313 high and low achieving eight graders in Tabreez was given a set of measures on math achievement, attitude towards sc...

Despite the ubiquity of harmful math attitudes that disadvantage girls, girls are now performing just as well as boys in math in the U.S. (Hyde et al. 1990; Hyde et al. 2008). At the same time, stark gender disparities remain in who chooses to pursue math-related careers (National Science Foundation 2009). Why have gender disparities persisted in some math-related domains but not others? I sugg...

background and objective: needle stick injuries (nsis) are a common potential risk for healthcare workers. the aim of this study was to evaluate preventive interventions against needle stick injury incidents among hcws.   methods: seven hospitals in the iranian chaharmahal-va-bakhtiari province were surveyed between march 2008 to march 2013. data of the needle stick injuries of healthcare worke...

background and purpose: to determine an appropriate financial model for the health system of iran, several studies have been conducted. but it seems that these studies were not comprehensive and further investigation is required. so to design a valid and enforceable mechanism, the study of policy interventions will be considered through consensus of all stakeholders. this investigation was done...

The MATH (meprin and TRAF-C homology) domain is a fold of seven anti-parallel β-helices involved in protein-protein interaction. Here, we report the identification and characterization of 90 MATH-domain proteins from the Brassica rapa genome. By sequence analysis together with MATH-domain proteins from other species, the B. rapa MATH-domain proteins can be grouped into 6 classes. Class-I protei...