Liposomes are vesicular structures made of lipids that are formed in aqueous solutions. Structurally, they resemble the lipid membrane of living cells. Therefore, they have been widely investigated, since the 1960s, as models to study the cell membrane, and as carriers for protection and/or delivery of bioactive agents. They have been used in different areas of research including vaccines, imag...

A new approach to elucidate the operation and control of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells is being developed. A global reactor engineering approach is applied to PEM fuel cells to identify the essential physics that govern the dynamics in PEM fuel cells. Reaction engineering principles are employed to develop a one-dimensional differential PEM fuel cell suitable for elucidating the...

Membranes constitute the interface between the basic unit of life-a single cell-and the outside environment and thus in many ways comprise the ultimate "functional biomaterial". To perform the many and often conflicting functions required in this role, for example to partition intracellular contents from the outside environment while maintaining rapid intake of nutrients and efflux of waste pro...

Calmodulin (CaM) is a eukaryotic Ca signaling protein which can interact with more than 300 enzymes in the cell including membrane proteins Ryanodine receptor1 (RyR1) and gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43). By binding to Ca, CaM undergoes a conformational change which exposed the hydrophobic patch that access to the target protein. wt-CaM and three mutant CaM (isolate C and N domain of CaM...

The sustainable production of fuels and chemicals using microbial cell factories is now well established. However, many microbial production processes are still limited in scale due to inhibition from compounds that are present in the feedstock or are produced during fermentation. Some of these inhibitors interfere with cellular membranes and change the physicochemical properties of the membran...

Exosomes are a valuable biomaterial for the development of novel nanocarriers as functionally advanced drug delivery systems. To control and modify the performance of exosomal nanocarriers, we developed hybrid exosomes by fusing their membranes with liposomes using the freeze-thaw method. Exosomes embedded with a specific membrane protein isolated from genetically modified cells were fused with...

In this paper, an adaptive membrane evolutionary algorithm (AMEA) is proposed, which combines a dynamic membrane structure and a differential evolution with the adaptive mutation factor. In the AMEA, the feasibility proportion method is used to dynamically adjust the size of the elementary membrane in the optimization process. The results of the experimental indicate that the proposed algorithm...

To meet the requirements of deployable structures in aerospace engineering with light weight and high stiffness, this paper proposes triangular space membrane mechanism based on booms, then conducts dynamic analysis multiobjective optimization. The configuration design mass calculation for are carried out, including its unfolding support tensioned scheme. With a view to performing characteristi...

Purified phage lysins present an alternative to traditional antibiotics and work by hydrolysing peptidoglycan. Phage lysins have been developed against Gram-positive pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, where the peptidoglycan layer is exposed on the cell surface. Addition of the lysin to a bacterial culture results in rapid death of the organism. Gram-negative bac...