Activation of resting human CD4+ "naive" (CD45RA+CD45RO-) and "memory" (CD45RA-CD45RO+) T cells requires costimulatory signals in addition to engagement of the T cell receptor/CD3 complex (TCR/CD3). The adhesion pathways mediated by lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1/intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (LFA-1/ICAM-1) and CD2/LFA-3 are capable of providing such costimulatory signals. Our wor...

The neurons of the central nervous system not only have the capacity to transmit, inhibit and weigh information, but they may also store information for prolonged periods of time (e.g. by use-dependent change in synaptic strength). Synaptic plasticity in hippocampus is an extensively studied cellular model of learning and memory and recent studies suggest that similar mechanisms also apply to p...

Despite the rapid accumulation of quantitative data on the dynamics of CD8(+) T cell responses following acute viral or bacterial infections of mice, the pathways of differentiation of naive CD8(+) T cells into memory during an immune response remain controversial. Currently, three models have been proposed. In the "stem cell-associated differentiation" model, following activation, naive T cell...

Insulin and cholesterol play important roles in basic metabolic processes in peripheral tissues. Both insulin and cholesterol can also act as signalling molecules in the central nervous system that participate in neuronal function, memory and neurodegenerative diseases. A high-cholesterol diet improves spatial memory in experimental animals. beta-Amyloid, the toxic peptide in neurons of AD (Alz...

Germinal centers (GCs) are generally considered to be the sole site of memory B-cell generation. However, recent studies demonstrate that memory B cells can also develop in response to a T-cell dependent (TD) antigen before the onset, and independently of, the GC reaction. These two classes of memory cells persist equally over long periods of time and attain functional maturation through distin...

Memory is created by several interlinked processes in the brain, some of which require long-term gene regulation. Epigenetic mechanisms are likely candidates for regulating memory-related genes. Among these, DNA methylation is known to be a long lasting genomic mark and may be involved in the establishment of long-term memory. Here we demonstrate that DNA methyltransferases, which induce and ma...

personalized medicine is a set of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches in which medical interventions are carried out based on individual patient characteristics. as life expectancy increases in developed and developing countries, the incidence of diseases such as cancer goes up among people in the community. cancer is a disease that the response to treatment varies from one person...

Background The substantial evidence that neural timing deficits are prevalent in developmental disorders, aging, and concussions resulting from a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is presented. Objective When these remediated using low-level movement-discrimination training, then high-level cognitive skills, including reading, attention, processing speed, problem solving, working memory improve rapi...