Long term meteorological records ( > 100 years) from stations associated with villages are generally classified as rural and assumed to have no urban influence. Using networks installed in two European villages, the local and microclimatic variations around two of these rural-village sites are examined. An annual average temperature difference (1T ) of 0.6 and 0.4 K was observed between the bui...

This paper describes an intelligent system for the prediction of forest fire risk in Galicia, a region in north-west Spain. The system has been designed to calculate a risk fire index for each of the 360 squares of 10x10 kms into which the area map has been divided digitally. In our research, the problem was approached using a feedforward neural network. The information used to train the networ...

Spatial and temporal soil moisture dynamics are critically needed to improve the parameterization for hydrological and meteorological modeling processes. This study evaluates the statistical spatial structure of large-scale observed and simulated estimates of soil moisture under pre- and post-precipitation event conditions. This large scale variability is a crucial in calibration and validation...

Artificial neural network (ANN) method was applied for modeling and prediction of mean solar radiation in given atmospheric parameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitable water and month) in Turkey (26–45oE and 36–42oN) during the period of 2004–2006. Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) learning algorithms and logistic sigmoid transfer function were used in the network. In order to train the ne...

The requirements of the framework Directive on air quality assessment and management introduce real practical problems for the meteorological community. Some of the meteorological variables needed in urban air pollution assessments are not routinely measured and in normal circumstances the number of meteorological stations in urban areas is limited to a few sites often just at airports. The Eur...

TWODEE-2 is a FORTRAN 90 code based on previous code (TWODEE). It is designed to solve the shallow water equations for fluid depth, depth-averaged horizontal velocities and depth-averaged fluid density. The shallow layer approach used by TWODEE-2 is a compromise between the complexity of CFD models and the simpler integral models. It can be used for forecasting gas dispersion near the ground an...

Mountain waters, glaciers, hazards, and biodiversity are vulnerable to the impacts of global warming. Warming is projected to amplify over mountains by global climate models, yet meteorological records do not show a uniform acceleration of warming with elevation. Here we explore warming-elevation relationships using records from 2660 meteorological stations and determine that the vertical gradi...

A methodologically simple approach to estimate snow depth from spaceborne microwave instruments is described. The scattering signal observed in multifrequency passive microwave data is used to detect snow cover. Wet snow, frozen ground, precipitation, and other anomalous scattering signals are screened using established methods. The results from two different approaches (a simple time and conti...