The article examines the current problems of legal and economic nature in resolving acute social situation associated with negative trends global community: demographic crisis, high mortality, deep stratification society, etc. methodological basis study are universal, general scientific particular methods cognition used by science object-subject sphere theory law. In addition, a number syntheti...

Methodological dualism in linguistics occurs when its theories are subjected to standards that are inappropriate for them qua scientifi c theories. Despite much opposition, methodological dualism abounds in contemporary thinking. In this paper, I treat linguistics as a scientifi c activity and explore some instances of dualism. By extracting some ubiquitous aspects of scientifi c methodology fr...

Does the McFarlane et al study provide a model for practical trials? Unfortunately, not. The methodological problems are here reviewed and used as a springboard to set out methodological criteria that might define such a model.

Among clinical physicians it is the population study that is considered to be the "gold standard" of medical evidence concerning acceptable treatments. As new information comes to light concerning the many variables and confounding factors that can affect such studies, many older studies lose much of their original impact. While newer population studies take into consideration a far greater num...

In conclusion, though there are numerous opportunities and different approaches to studying the epidemiology of OA, we have concentrated on some of the methodological problems and difficulties inherent in these methods. We think it is important that researchers are aware of these problems before undertaking such studies. In addition, readers of published studies need to be aware of these potent...

From molecular dynamics simulations of a dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DPPC) lipid bilayer in the liquid crystalline phase, pressure profiles through the bilayer are calculated by different methods. These profiles allow us to address two central and unresolved problems in pressure profile calculations: The first problem is that the pressure profile is not uniquely defined since the expressi...