Introduction: Inequalities in urban environment are a significant concern. Socioeconomic level plays an important role in these inequalities. Inequality in environmental hazards is recognized as potential determinants of health disparities. Materials & Methods: In this study, we used individual and cumulative environmental hazard inequality indices to compare the inequality among 379 neighborh...

The main goal of the present study was to implement a hybrid pattern of cellular automata model and particle swarm optimization algorithm based on TM and ETM+ imagery of landsat satellite from 1988 to 2010 for simulating the urban sprawling. In this study, an alternative model was implemented in two ways: the first method was based on two images (1988 and 2010) and the second one was based on t...

Simplicity, cost effectiveness, scalability, and the economies of scale make Ethernet a popular choice for (a) local area networks (LAN), as well as for (b) storage area networks (SAN), and increasingly (c) metropolitan-area networks (MAN). Applications of Ethernet in SAN and MAN arena elevate it from a LAN technology to a ubiquitous networking technology. With the expanded applicability of Eth...

introduction the Manchester-nashua metropolitan area has undergone a complex set of population shifts amid growing diversity. This brief documents those changes with recent data. For this research, we divide the Manchester-nashua metropolitan area into three parts: • the city of Manchester, with a population of 108,900 in 2007 • the city of nashua, with a population of 86,800 in 2007 • the bala...

In this paper simulation results of the bit error rate (BER) performance of an all-optical multiwavelength slotted-ring metropolitan area network (MAN) are presented. The simulation results provide insight into the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation as the optical ring is scaled up in terms of the number of access points on it. The results also enable us to understand the effect of inband ...

Few real-world applications of mobile ad hoc networks have been developed or deployed outside the military environment, and no traces of actual node movement in a real ad hoc network have been available. In this paper, we propose a novel commercial application of ad hoc networking, we describe and evaluate a multitier ad hoc network architecture and routing protocol for this system, and we docu...

The transport performance of an optically transparent regional-size ring network testbed with circumference of 280 km, based on metro-area optimized optical layer components and fiber, is demonstrated under dynamic traffic conditions. For the longest transmission path, excellent transmission performance is achieved using cost-effective directly modulated signals. Network reconfigurability is ac...

AbstmctThe performance of point-to-multipoint (PZMP) metropolitan area broadband wireless access network architecture is examined in this paper. Such a network contains subscriber terminals located hundred to thousands of meters away from a hub. We begin first by proposing and constructing a compound stochastic process system model for a reservationbased medium access control protocol. We then ...

The broadband wireless access industry, which provides high-rate network connections to stationary sites, has matured to the point at which it now has a standard for second-generation wireless metropolitan area networks. IEEE Standard 802.16, with its WirelessMANTM air interface, sets the stage for widespread and effective deployments worldwide. This article overviews the technical medium acces...

urban expansion model (uem) was adapted to simulate urbanization which implements geospatial information systems (gis), artificial neural networks (anns) and remote sensing (rs). two satellite imageries with specific time interval, socio-economic and environmental variables have been employed in order to simulate urban expansion. socio-economic and environmental variables were used as inputs wh...