Phospholipid-coated microbubbles are ultrasound contrast agents that, when functionalized, adhere to specific biomarkers on cells. In this concise review, we highlight recent developments in strategies for targeting the and their use molecular imaging (UMI) therapy. Recently developed novel include magnetic functionalization, triple targeting, of several new ligands. UMI is a powerful technique...

•Molecular testing may play a role in the determination of targeted therapy treatment options.•Targeted therapy provides treatment options for recurrent cervical cancer.•MEK inhibitor is a treatment option for recurrent cervical cancer in a patient with KRAS mutation.

Background:  Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) molecules are expressed on T-cells and inhibit their function by inhibiting activation of subsequent T-cell molecular pathways. Blocking of CTLA-4 inhibits the growth of malignant tumor cells. Anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies activate the immune system against cancer. Due to several advantages of single-chain antibodi...

Background: Understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in cell/tumor growth and progression has led to molecular-targeted therapy. HER1 and HER2 are two main oncogenic components of HER-receptor family considered as targets for cancer research and therapy. Reliable results of HER- related research and targeted therapies dependent upon cell line with known HER expression status....