The widely recognised historical ornament acanthus was used in South Asia, Southeast Europe, and other ancient civilisations. Historic civilisations frequently employed symbols ornaments their architecture to represent a specific subject matter or the aesthetic value aspect of ornamental elements for conceptual purposes. However, this study aims explore Western influence on Mughal era, especial...

This paper provides standardized estimates of labor productivity in arable farming in selected regions of the early Ottoman Empire, including Jerusalem and neighboring districts in eastern Mediterranean; Bursa and Malatya in Anatolia; and Thessaly, Herzegovina, and Budapest in eastern Europe. I use data from the tax registers of the Ottoman Empire to estimate grain output per worker, standardiz...

Dynasties in Islamic history often show that many areas lived and developed under the leadership of a king. Thus political life various monarchical governments are justified part because there appears to be an heir throne. Of course, like countries, dynasties experienced several triumphs declines even collapse after enjoying extraordinary fame. For example, Mughal dynasty only lasted about 332 ...

Asia has a variety of diverse ancient cultures and civilizations. In this paper, we studied the architecture UNESCO tentative heritage site: Badshahi Mosque Lahore (BMLH, 1671–1673), built by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir (AA). The site is special since it had largest mosque title (human capacity = 100,000) in world from 1673 to 1986, great architectural importance, one most popular tourist ...