Grid computing enables the sharing of heterogeneous resources within virtual organizations. Since entities in virtual organizations are independently administrated, cross-domain management of access control and intrusion protection is critical for grid services. To provide better protection in grid systems, multiple domains collaborate in making security decisions. Unfortunately, the absence of...

Though the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) has failed, the original draft is likely to serve as a basis for future negotiations. This article gives a critical assessment of the draft from an industrial economics point of view. First, I summarize the contents of the agreement which is relevant for market structure and competition. Then I develop the industrial economics approach, whic...

We examine antitrust rules in a two county general equilibrium trade model, contrasting national and multilateral (cooperative) determination of competition policy, exploring the properties of policy equilibrium. It is not imperfect competition, but variation in competitive stance between sectors that matters for trading partners. Beggar-thy-neighbor competition policies relate to countries’ co...

It is no coincidence that in recent years Brazil has been invited to participate (even with a less-than-expected role) in meetings of the group of richest countries, in meetings of several groups of countries concerned with the multilateral negotiations at the World Trade Organization, at the same time that former Brazilian authorities often take part in selected groups of experts dealing with ...

South African popular movement analysts and activists participating in African and international civil society meetings on the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other multilateral institutions, such as the IMF and the World Bank, are frequently faced with troubled and troubling questions about the position that the South African government has taken, and what is seen to be the highly questiona...

household data are used in this study to assess the transaction costs of obtaining credit from formal and semiformal institutions in rural iran. a survey was employed to gather the data needed to determine the transaction costs that must be borne by the borrower in each step of the credit procurement process. data were collected from a random sample of 459 households, including 272 borrower hou...

In this paper a fraud detection method is proposed which user behaviors are modeled using two main components namely the un-normal trend analysis component and scenario based component. The extent of deviation of a transaction from his/her normal behavior is estimated using fuzzy membership functions. The results of applying all membership functions on a transaction will then be infused and a f...

Abstract The WTO is not well-known for being an institution that regulates the free flow of personal data across borders. trade agreements under auspices either predate or coincide with invention and early development internet. When was created in 1994, its members agreed to create rules services. Tim Wu observed as a consequence, almost by accident, “the has put itself oversight position most ...

if the agent, who has the right to appoint a proxy, exercises his right and appoints another person for pursuing the subject of agency, the appointed person is not the agent of the appointer; rather, he is regarded as the indirect agent of the client. therefore, if the object of agency is conclusion of a transaction contract and the indirect proxy concludes it, that [contract] belongs to the cl...