Anatomy of human nephrogenesis The human kidney derives from two parts of the metanephros, its embryonic precursor. The first of these is the ureteric bud, which branches into the collecting ducts containing K secreting principal and H handling intercalated epithelia, and also forms the urothelium of the calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder trigone. The second is the renal mesenchyme, whi...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility for collecting data on nosocomial infections by means of death certificates. METHODS The medical charts of children who died after 48 hours of their admission to a pediatric hospital were revised to get information about the causes of death. Death certificates were also revised to verify whether they were properly filled out....

SCID, a syndrome characterized by the absence of T cells and adaptive immunity, can result from mutations in multiple genes that encode components of the immune system. Three such components are cytokine receptor chains or signaling molecules, five are needed for antigen receptor development, one is adenosine deaminase--a purine salvage pathway enzyme, and the last is a phosphatase, CD45. In th...

Antiphospholipid syndrome can mimic many diseases, one of which is multiple sclerosis. The article presents the main aspects differential diagnosis antiphospholipid and sclerosis, as well its own clinical case.

We have previously demonstrated that vibrotactile feedback of trunk motion significantly improves balance stability in individuals with vestibular deficits and older adults. Recently we have developed a Mobile Instrument for Motion Instruction and Correction (MIMIC) that enables an expert (i.e. physical therapist) to map his/her movements to a trainee (i.e. patient) in a hands-free fashion. MIM...

The causative agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, is a highly neurotropic organism that not only can produce symptomatic neurologic disease but also can exist dormant within the central nervous system (CNS) for long periods. Two distinct types of neuroborreliosis occur at different stages of Lyme disease. Second-stage Lyme meningitis resembles aseptic meningitis and is often associated...

The aims were to (1) investigate the aetiology of probable meningococcal disease, where a clinical diagnosis is made in the absence of laboratory data, and (2) evaluate the impact of the Men C vaccination programme in England and Wales. Multiple linear regression analyses were carried out using data reported to Enhanced Surveillance of Meningococcal Disease (ESMD) and laboratory reports of isol...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article presents a practical and informative approach to the evaluation of a patient with a rapidly progressive dementia (RPD). RECENT FINDINGS Prion diseases are the prototypical causes of RPD, but reversible causes of RPD might mimic prion disease and should always be considered in a differential diagnosis. Aside from prion diseases, the most common causes of RPD are ...

Uncertainty exists as to whether similar or different mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of different subtypes of multiple sclerosis (MS). Detailed analysis of naive T cell homeostasis shows that patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and with primary progressive MS (PPMS) have early-onset thymic involution that causes reduced thymic output. The reduced thymic output leads to second...