A model is outlined for the major biochemical respiratory mechanisms of a conceptualised heterotrophic facultative organism (representing the heterotrophic facultative mass of activated sludge) subjected to four different sets of conditions: steady-state aerobic, steady-state anoxic, steady-state aerobic changed to anoxic, and steady-state anoxic/anaerobic changed to aerobic. Proposals and impl...

The production of biogas has many advantages against other biomass based processes for production of energy or fuel. Biogas can be produced from any type of biomass whether it is a pure substrate or if it is a mix of materials like source-sorted municipal organic solid waste. The biogas process can handle substrate with different water content, from wet materials like Sewage sludge to dry mater...

Occurrence of helminthic parasites of human origin in sewage is a major public health concern. Dependent upon the size of the community as well as the prevalence of infection within the community, municipal wastewater can contain varying numbers of Ascaris sp. and other helminthic ova. Infectious diseases caused by fecal pathogens are principal cause of human morbidity worldwide, particularly i...

How do you feel when you hear the words " wastewater, " " sludge, " " sewer, " and " sewage " ? These words may make you feel uncomfortable. However, as Victor Hugo wrote in " Les Misérables, " these words are inevitably related to human society (16): " ... The history of men is reflected in the history of sewers. The Germoniae narrated Rome. The sewer of Paris has been an ancient and formidabl...

In mid-winter in a temperate area, untreated municipal sewage overflowed onto ocean beaches. To assess the infection risk posed to beachgoers by sewage-borne pathogens, we developed a framework to predict the concentration of pathogens in beach sand, and coupled the environmental concentration to sand-exposure parameters and dose-response relationships for representative sewage-borne pathogens....

The type strain SUR2 of the novel species Chryseobacterium limigenitum was isolated from a dehydrated sludge of the municipal sewage treatment plant in Dogoše near Maribor in Slovenia. The draft genome, with 60 contigs, 4,697,725bp, 34.4% of G+C content, was obtained using the Illumina HiSeq 2500-1 platform. Joint Genome Institute Microbial Genome Annotation Pipeline (MGAP v.4) has identified 4...

Anaerobic processes present a high potential in most developing countries for municipal wastewater treatment, and thus is a suitable and economical solution. The anaerobic process can serve as a viable alternative, compared to conventional aerobic processes. Within the spectrum of anaerobic sewage treatment technologies, the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor offers great promise, e...

UA-Magazine he use of municipal wastewater to fertilize ponds began in Kolkata in the thirty’s, and it is now perhaps the largest wastewater fed aquaculture system in the world (Nair, 1944; Jhingran, 1991). Kolkata is a metropolis of 14 million inhabitants. The Kolkata periurban area especially where wastewater fish farming is practiced supports the livelihood of a large number of people throug...

The mixed aggregate (MA) method was evaluated for the routine determination of total ethoxylated nonionic surfactants in municipal raw and treated sewage. Nonionics in wastewater samples were enriched with a C8 solid-phase extraction cartridge, eluted with ethyl acetate–methanol, and separated from interferences with stacked strong anionic (quaternary ammonium form) and cationic (benzenesulfoni...

The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge biochar on adsorption and mobility of Cr, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Biochar (BC400) was produced via pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge at 400 °C. Maximum adsorption capacities (qm) for Zn, Cr, Mn, and Cu were 5.905, 5.724, 5.681, and 5.342 mg·g-1, respectively, in the mono-metal solution and 2.475, 8.204, 1.01, and 5.415 mg·g-1, resp...