Since the 9/11 bombings in New York, and the 7/7 bombings in London,Muslims’ integration in the UK has been under intense scrutiny. Muslimintegration, however, has long been a matter of debate in Britain, revolvingaround the maintenance of Muslims’ distinctive identity and practice. Forinstance, David Cameron (Cameron, 2011), Britain’s then Prime Minister,announced...

According to some researchers (Hopkins, 2004a; Hopkins & Smith, 2008), there is a perception among certain Muslims that anti-Muslim racism is higher in areas where there is a high density of Muslim residents, such as Glasgow. In contrast, other Muslims may feel that Islamophobia is higher in places with fewer numbers of Muslim residents. Through an investigation of Muslims’ experiences of Islam...

Introduction: The Kalash are the only non-Muslim ethnic group living in three small and beautiful valleys of district Chitral. They are the last tribe of the Kafirs of the Hindu Kush. The Kalash exhibit, perhaps, one of the ancient and unique primitive traditions and cultures. They are living with the Muslims in this region for a long period of time, and had been under Muslim rule most of this ...

the question of the purity or impurity of non-muslims has always attracted the attention of the islamic jurists. the importance of this question has been due to the fact that the social and political interactions between muslims and non-muslims were quite inevitable. the present article is concerned first to examine the notion of purity and impurity as viewed by the sunni and shiite jurists and...

One concern about using transgenic plants is the genetic variation that occurred from theirs tissue culture and regeneration. Molecular markers are an important element for efficient and effective determination of genetic variation. The present work was carried out to assess the genetic uniformity of transgenic cottons (Bt and chitinase lines), using RAPD, ISSR molecular markers and SDS-PAGE an...

A new methodology is introduced for designing and tuning the scaling gains of the conventional fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based on its well-tuned linear counterpart. The conventional FLC with a linear rule base is very similar to its linear counterpart. The linear three-term controller has proportional, integral and/or derivative gains. Similarly, the conventional fuzzy three-term controller ...

In this paper, we define a new class of combined automata, called temporalized automata, which can be viewed as the automata-theoretic counterpart of temporalized logics, and show that relevant properties, such as closure under Boolean operations, decidability, and expressive equivalence with respect to temporal logics, transfer from component automata to temporalized ones. Furthermore, we succ...

Refinement in bisimulation semantics is defined differently from refinement in failure semantics: in bisimulation semantics refinement is based on simulations between labelled transition systems, whereas in failure semantics refinement is based on inclusions between failure systems. There exist however pairs of refinements, for bisimulation and failure semantics respectively, that have almost t...