In the present rapidly growing world, health systems should be robust enough to respond appropriately to a wide range of new challenges and threats.1 Health workforce composes the backbone of the health system; so, any flaw in terms of the human resource numbers or skills would adversely affect the performance of the system2 So, the level of knowledge and the way of acting in the system are cru...

BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is a common immune-mediated hair loss disorder. AA has a reported incidence of 0.1-0.2% with a lifetime risk of 1.7%. Histologically, AA is characterized by the accumulation of mononuclear cells around the bulb of the affected hair follicles. Corticosteroids are the most popular drugs for the treatment of this disease. Despite its high prevalence, currently avail...

On March 9th, 2011, the eminent scholar of Iranian studies, historian, bibliographer, Persian manuscript expert, journalist, biographer and writer, Iraj Afshar passed away at the age of 85 in Tehran. His demise was a great loss to Iranian culture. He edited or wrote around 300 books in various fields of Iranian studies, including the history of medicine in Iran and published more than 2000 pape...

BACKGROUND After introduction of the concept of critical value (CV) in laboratory medicine, some efforts were performed to define possible critical values in surgical pathology. Critical diagnosis (critical value) is a concept recently established in surgical pathology and is a challenging issue among pathologists and clinical specialists. The concept may be the subject of variation according t...

It has not been too long since we realized that Joseph Murray (1919-2012) has passed away while we heard this sad news 2 weeks ago. We never forget his memories and trip for the first time on 14 November 1974to Iran. He returned to our country one more time later to share his experiences with the country specialists. It is a great sorrow that he did not see our progress in plastic and reconstru...

Background: It is well recognized that different patients respond in different ways to medications. The inter-individual variations are greater than the intera-individual variations, a finding consistent with the notion that inheritance is a determinant of drug responses. The recent identification of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters led to the hypothesis ...

In 1984, professional wrestler Hulk Hogan defeated the Iron Sheik to win WWF Heavyweight Title. Thus marked birth of ‘Hulkamania’, a near-decade-long period when (real name Terry Bollea) crossed over into American popular culture. following years, battled series proxies for America’s enemies, from Soviet rival in Nikolai Volkoff, Iranian sympathizer Sergeant Slaughter, and Japanese sumo Yokozun...

politicians adopt a variety of linguistic strategies in their speeches to connect with their audience. to name one, appraisal, as a system of interpersonal meaning, is concerned with evaluation where resources are used for negotiating social relationships. despite their significance in shaping texts, there have hardly been any extensive inventories of appraisal tools contrasting electoral speec...

In this study we explored the most important topics of acculturation experiences among Iranian refugees in the Netherlands, using the Self-Confrontation Method (Hermans & Hermans-Jansen, 1995). We discussed the Dialogical Self Theory reffering to the multiple selves of people who have to deal with different cultures. Ewing (1990) and Hermans and Kempen (1993) argued that a person could have con...