Guided by CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams) modeling, the refractory medium-entropy alloy MoNbTaV was synthesized by vacuum arc melting under a high-purity argon atmosphere. A body-centered cubic solid solution phase was experimentally confirmed in the as-cast ingot using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The measured lattice parameter of the alloy (3.208 Å) obeys the ru...

In this paper, we introduce a new entropy-like invariant, named Hausdorff metric entropy, for finitely generated semigroups acting on compact metric spaces from a set-valued view and study its properties. We establish the relation between Hausdorff metric entropy and topological entropy of a semigroup defined by Bis. Some examples with positive or zero Hausdorff metric entropy are given. Moreov...

In this paper, we show that in order to obtain the Tsallis entropy rate for stochastic processes, we can use the limit of conditional entropy, as it was done for the case of Shannon and Renyi entropy rates. Using that we can obtain Tsallis entropy rate for stationary Gaussian processes. Finally, we derive the relation between Renyi, Shannon and Tsallis entropy rates for stationary Gaussian proc...

Thermodynamic adsorption properties (differential enthalpy and entropy, spreading pressure and net integral enthalpy and entropy) of cassava flour were determined at 25, 30 and 35°C to provide information about the water and energy requirements for the sorption process. The Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB), Peleg and Halsey models were found to adequately describe the sorption characteristics,...

An (n, k)-bit-fixing source is a distribution on n bit strings, that is fixed on n − k of the coordinates, and jointly uniform on the remaining k bits. Explicit constructions of bit-fixing extractors by Gabizon, Raz and Shaltiel [SICOMP 2006] and Rao [CCC 2009], extract (1 − o(1)) · k bits for k = poly log n, almost matching the probabilistic argument. Intriguingly, unlike other well-studied so...

In this paper, we obtain the Rényi entropy rate for irreducible-aperiodic Markov chains with countable state space, using the theory of countable nonnegative matrices. We also obtain the bound for the rate of Rényi entropy of an irreducible Markov chain. Finally, we show that the bound for the Rényi entropy rate is the Shannon entropy rate.

Photosynthetic membrane sacs (thylakoids) of plants form granal stacks interconnected by non-stacked thylakoids, thereby being able to fine-tune (i) photosynthesis, (ii) photoprotection and (iii) acclimation to the environment. Growth in low light leads to the formation of large grana, which sometimes contain as many as 160 thylakoids. The net surface charge of thylakoid membranes is negative, ...

The proper definition of thermodynamics and the thermodynamic entropy is discussed in the light of recent developments. The postulates for thermodynamics are examined critically, and some modifications are suggested to allow for the inclusion of long-range forces (within a system), inhomogeneous systems with non-extensive entropy, and systems that can have negative temperatures. Only the thermo...

The generalized maximum entropy method (GMEM) is a special modification of the standard maximum entropy method (MEM) which seeks solutions in the space of complex functions. In this work a reduced version of the GMEM intended for reconstructing real images with positive and negative values is used. As compared with the standard MEM, intended for the reconstruction of only non-negative images, t...

A number of computational tools available today compute the thermodynamic properties of water at surfaces and in binding pockets by using inhomogeneous solvation theory (IST) to analyze explicit-solvent simulations. Such methods enable qualitative spatial mappings of both energy and entropy around a solute of interest and can also be applied quantitatively. However, the entropy estimates of exi...