Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack remains a serious problem on the Internet today, as it takes advantage of the lack of authenticity in the IP protocol, destination oriented routing, and stateless nature of the Internet. Among various DDoS attacks, the TCP SYN flooding [1] is the most commonly-used one. It exploits TCP’s three-way handshake mechanism and TCP’s limitation in maintainin...

A critical and annotated catalogue of 183 types of HymenopteraChrysididae belonging to 124 taxa housed in the Radoszkowski collection is given. Radoszkowski type material from other institutes has also been checked. Six lectotypes are designated in Kraków (ISEA-PAN): Chrysisacceptabilis Radoszkowski, 1891; Chrysispersica Radoczkowsky, 1881; Chrysisdaphnis Mocsáry, 1889; Chrysislagodechii Radosz...

Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is associated with the development of a number of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Analyses of post mortem tissues revealed the presence of molecular chaperones within α-syn aggregates, suggesting that chaperones play a role in α-syn misfolding and aggregation. In fact, inhibition of chaperone activity aggravates α-...

α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation is a pathological feature of synucleinopathies, neurodegenerative disorders that include Parkinson's disease (PD). We have tested whether N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diaminium bis(hydromethanesulfonate) (leuco-methylthioninium bis(hydromethanesulfonate); LMTM), a tau aggregation inhibitor, affects α-Syn aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Both cellu...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The adverse reactions in combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) were severer than that in monotherapy for patients with nephropathy. The effect of candesartan on pharmacokinetics of enalaprilat in nephrotic rats was investigated to make references for the clinical therapy in patients with nephropathy to avoid...

There is an urgent need to develop alternative to kidney biopsy in children to diagnose nephrotic syndrome. Increased apoptosis plays a central role in the development of nephrotic syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood levels of two markers of apoptosis, Fas-ligand (Fas-l) and granzyme-b in children with nephrotic syndrome. Thirty children with biopsy-proven nephrotic syndro...

a 3-year-old girl was presented with periorbital edema, hypertension, proteinuria, and hematuria. she recovered clinically after 9 days with normal urinalysis. during the follow-up, she developed recurrent episodes of nephrotic syndrome. the kidney biopsy revealed mild mesangial proliferation and a low dose of prednisolone could effectively control the disease. iran j med sci 2005; 30(1): 38-40...

Damage of presynaptic mitochondria could result in release of proapoptotic factors that threaten the integrity of the entire neuron. We discovered that alpha-synuclein (Syn) forms a triple complex with anionic lipids (such as cardiolipin) and cytochrome c, which exerts a peroxidase activity. The latter catalyzes covalent hetero-oligomerization of Syn with cytochrome c into high molecular weight...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a very common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into Lewy body (LB) inclusions and the loss of neuronmelanin (NM) containing dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Pathological α-syn and NM are two prominent hallmarks in this selective and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Pathological α-syn can indu...

The concept of syn re chains has been proposed by Abeles as a reason able biophysical model for cortical long time correlations and replicating spike patterns in multi unit recordings Some recent computational modelling ap proaches extend the model into a functional direction proposing that the synchronization of syn re chains may help to solve the binding problem of cortical information proces...