Benign and malignant tumors can arise from any of the structures contained within the parapharyngeal space. Such tumors are very rare, however. Also, malignant tumors from adjacent areas (eg, the pharynx) can extend into the parapharyngeal space by direct growth, or distant tumors may metastasize to the lymphatics within the space. Although the history and physical examination can provide clues...

but also well-controlled manipulations (Allegra Mascaro et al., 2010; Kleinfeld et al., 2011) crucial for testing causality rather than simply establishing a correlation between measurement parameters (that does not automatically imply that one of the parameters drives the other). Moreover, the present collection of papers reaches well beyond the current state of knowledge, defining important q...

Arthroscopy of the elbow was first described by Burman in 1931. In this first article about arthroscopy of the elbow in the journal of bone and joint surgery, he concluded that the elbow joint was not suitable for arthroscopy; the joint was too small and the neurovascular structures in the anterior compartment of the elbow were close. In 1932 he revised his original article with some technical ...

The retromolar foramen (RMF) is the bony entrance of the retromolar canal, through which a neurovascular bundle runs. It is essential to locate such anatomic variants in a patient in order to avoid complications in surgery, implant placement, or anesthesia of the area. To our knowledge, there has only been one case report of supernumerary RMF, which reported one bilateral doubled retromolar for...

A total of 161 patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy at our 11 institutions in the three-year period from January 2001 to December 2003. The numbers per institution ranged from 1-36, with 5 institutions conducting 20 or more (131 cases), and 6 performing less than 15 (30 cases). Here we examined the differences in operation parameters and patient outcome between these two groups. ...

Management of a child with club foot deformity that recurs after an apparently successful posteromedial soft tissue release remains a challenge. Revision surgery is often attempted, but this carries a high risk of significant scarring or neurovascular complications. We have treated 3 children (3 feet) with relapsed club foot and fixed deformities, using Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection into ...

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a common malignant soft tissue that frequently involves bone and major neurovascular structures and resection of deep-seated rhabdomyosarcoma can cause severe dysfunction in the affected limbs. Based on the mouse osteosarcoma model, we developed a new surgical approach involving photodynamic surgery (PDS), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and radiodynamic therapy (RDT) using acrid...

Resection of tumors affecting the hip abductors can cause significant decrease in muscle strength and may lead to abnormal gait and poor function. We present a case report showing full functional recovery after resection of a synovial sarcoma affecting the right gluteus medius and minimus muscles with reconstruction free neurovascular latissimus dorsi muscle transplantation. The latissimus dors...

Pedicle screw instrumentation of the upper cervical spine is rarely performed in trauma surgery because of the risk of damaging neurovascular structures. We report successful treatment of an unstable hangman's fracture with posterior pedicle screw fixation using Iso-C3D fluoroscopy-based computer navigation guidance. Postoperative computed tomographic images confirmed accurate placement of the ...

Neurons, by virtue of their complex and continuously changing signaling roles in brain, must be able to regulate access to energy in order to maintain their ability to communicate meaningful frequency-encoded information. This is accomplished by release of neurotransmitters to astrocytes that in turn signal the vascular system to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF). This process has been termed ...