Probing the manner in which Kazakhs attained noble status Russian empire, this article explores a neglected aspect of country's social history. Recognizing that nobility is typically associated with landowning feudal order, we explore how also found application steppe. Based on diverse sources and comparison other ethnic elites, regard Kazakh ennoblement not only as way recognizing traditional ...

Background. The skiing was first used in the history of mankind for transportation and hunting in the Altay Mountains, where harsh and long winter conditions exist. The use of skiing continued in many cultures and eventually turned into a sport where not the Winter Olympic Games serve as a venue for the competition. Objectives. This review aims to outline the phases of skiing and highlight how...

one of the cultural characteristics of eastern zone at central part of zagros range during 3rd millennium bc and at early bronze age is the extension of the related habitats to yaniq culture (ancient city near abhar) in this region. within field study conducted in 2008 in the plains covering central zagros eastern side that is situated in alvan basin, we managed to identify more than habitats r...

Collaboration among nomadic healthcare providers presents unique challenges. This paper describes a set of requirements and an implementation approach to collaboration architecture to meet these challenges.

Geographic range size is often conceptualized as a fixed attribute of a species and treated as such for the purposes of quantification of extinction risk; species occupying smaller geographic ranges are assumed to have a higher risk of extinction, all else being equal. However many species are mobile, and their movements range from relatively predictable to-and-fro migrations to complex irregul...