Standard Deontic Logic (SDL) has been used as the underlying logic to model and reason over Multi-Agent Systems governed by norms (NorMAS). It is known that SDL is not able to represent contraryto-duty (CTD) scenarios in a consistent way. That is the case, for example, of the so-called Chisholm paradox, which models a situation in which a conditional obligation that specifies what must be done ...

The law can sometimes be glacial in its evolution, moving ever so slowly through fine points of interpretation by judges and equally careful (if not ponderous) processes of legislative reform. Only when an observer stands back and looks at a particular area of jurisprudence over a period of a few decades can the movement be clearly detected. In other instances, the law can seem to be like an ea...

A contemporary goal in both ecology and evolutionary biology is to develop theory that transcends the boundary between the two disciplines, to understand phenomena that cannot be explained by either field in isolation. This is challenging because macroevolution typically uses lineage-based models, whereas ecology often focuses on individual organisms. Here, we develop a new parsimonious individ...

Ivan Agullo, ∗ Aitor Landete, 1, 3, † and Jose Navarro-Salas ‡ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4001; Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Fisica Teorica and IFIC, Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia-CSIC. Facultad de Fisica, Universidad de Valencia, Burjasso...