We give a finite presentation by generators and relations of unitary operators expressible over the {CNOT, T, X} gate set, also known as CNOT-dihedral operators. To this end, we introduce a notion of normal form for CNOT-dihedral circuits and prove that every CNOT-dihedral operator admits a unique normal form. Moreover, we show that in the presence of certain structural rules only finitely many...

Comparative causation is the only tort regime that allows parties to share an accident loss in equilibrium. The sharing of an accident loss between a nonnegligent injurer and his nonnegligent victim spreads activity level and R&D incentives between prospective tortfeasors and their victims. This is an effect that is never observed under the other negligence and strict liability based regimes. I...

Problem: distinguish chance regularities from causal regularities. Lewis’s solution: use ideal theory – promote those regularities to causal that, under reflective equilibrium, given all the evidence, retain their regularity under a nearest possible worlds account of counterfactuals Thus, R2: A causes B iff B is later than A and there is a constant conjunction of events of type A and type B in ...

Article History The paper received on: 12/03/2014 Accepted after peer-review on: 07/05/2014 Published on: 01/06/2014 Robert Frost (1874-1963) is a famous American Poet. As most of his poems are autobiographical in subject, it is evident that he has been mostly influenced by the environment around him in composing his masterpieces. Frost’s themes are very simple in the surface meaning endowed wi...

We give a quantum gate construction composed entirely from incidents of the CNOT gate that generalises the qubit SWAP gate to higher dimensions. This new construction is more regular than and is an improvement on the WilNOT quantum gate construction.

In this essay the authors explore the nature of efficient causal explanation in Newton’s Principia and The Opticks. It is argued that: (1) In the dynamical explanations of the Principia, Newton treats the phenomena under study as cases of Hall’s second kind of atypical causation. The underlying concept of causation is therefore a purely interventionist one. (2) In the descriptions of his optica...

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Calcium Score Use in Isolation in Acute Chest Pain Setting – Is it Sufficient? Tiago Augusto Magalhães,1,2 Marcio Sommer Bittencourt,3,4 Carlos Eduardo Rochitte2,5 Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (CHC-UFPR),1 Curitiba, PR; Hospital do Coração – Associação Sanatório Sírio – HCor/SP;2 Hospital Universitário e Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP) – Uni...

In teletraffic engineering, the effective design of wireless networks providing voice and data services at hot spots is of great practical importance. This paper presents a model of such networks in terms of a BMAP/ PH/N retrial queue. Due to the batch occurrence and high correlation of the traffic, it is decisive to choose the correct Batch Markovian Arrival (BMAP) representation of the empiri...