In this paper, a review of some techniques proposed in the literature for modelling fretting wear is presented. Fretting wear occurs when surfaces are degraded and materials are removed due to a small relative oscillatory motion between two contact surfaces. Due to the continuous change in the shape of a structure during its lifetime, the design of engineering components subjected to fretting w...

the construction of underground tunnel plays a more and more important role in the development of big cities. one of the most important problems caused by the construction of the tunnel is that underground excavation will cause large settlement of the ground and buildings. previous studied showed the difference between numerical and experimental results. in this study the case study of niyayesh...

In 1994, ASHRAE began developing a guideline for measuring retrofit savings (GPC-14P). In support ofGuide­ line-14p, ASHRAE initiated RP-1050 to develop a toolkit for calculating linear, change-point linear, and multiple-linear inverse building energy models. The resulting Inverse Model­ ing Toolkit (IMT) can be usedaspart ofaprocedure to measure savings. This paper describes the numerical algo...