Purpose The aim of the present narrative review was to consider the evidence on the timing, optimal dose and intake duration of the main dietary supplements β-alanine, nitrate, caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein. Methods This review article will focuses on timing, optimal dose and intake duration of main dietary supplements for consuming. Results This paper rev...

BACKGROUND Weight loss and under-nutrition are relatively common in older people, and are associated with poor outcomes including increased rates of hospital admissions and death. In a pilot study of 49 undernourished older, community dwelling people we found that daily treatment for one year with a combination of testosterone tablets and a nutritional supplement produced a significant reductio...

BACKGROUND It is known that supplement use is a widespread and accepted practice by athletes and people who attend commercial gyms. Little is known about protein supplement amongst people undertaking strength training in commercial gyms in Italy when compared to the US. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the use of protein supplementation, alone or in association with other su...

Exertional (exercise-induced) rhabdomyolysis is a potentially life threatening condition that has been the subject of research, intense discussion, and media attention. The causes of rhabdomyolysis are numerous and can include direct muscle injury, unaccustomed exercise, ischemia, extreme temperatures, electrolyte abnormalities, endocrinologic conditions, genetic disorders, autoimmune disorders...

PURPOSE Malnutrition and chronic inflammation in dialysis patients negatively impacts prognosis. However, intervening to correct this problem (through nutritional supplementation) is often hampered by poor compliance due to both medical and socioeconomic barriers. We have therefore performed a pilot study to investigate the technical feasibility of "directly observed treatment" of nutritional s...

To compare effects of a dietary supplement containing vitamin E alone or vitamin E plus vitamin C on antioxidant status, oxidative stress and membrane leakage during endurance exercise. A nutritional pre-competition survey allowed horses to be paired and randomly assigned to two groups. Three weeks prior to the competition, one group (E) was orally supplemented with 5,000 IU vitamin E/d, the ot...

Creatine is a nutritional compound that potentially influences cognitive processing and neuroprotection. Recent evidence has demonstrated similar to neurotransmitters, creatine released in an excitotoxic action potential-dependent manner acts as neuromodulator. deficiency syndromes are characterized by severe mental developmental disorders. Studies have reported brain content could be enhanced ...

Creatine monohydrate has become the supplement of choice for many athletes striving to improve sports performance. Recent data indicate that athletes may not be using creatine as a sports performance booster per se but instead use creatine chronically as a training aid to augment intense resistance training workouts. Although several studies have evaluated the combined effects of creatine suppl...

BACKGROUND Specific guanidino compounds have been described as uraemic toxins and their concentrations are increased in renal failure due to dimished glomerular filtration, whereas the guanidino compound creatine is used as a performance-enhancing substance in athletes. The present study investigates the effects of creatine supplementation on plasma guanidino compounds in a chronic haemodialysi...

As is well known, many animals, when deprived of vitamin E (cr-tocopherol), develop a paralysis of the voluntary muscles (1). The partly grown rabbit becomes completely helpless in 3 to 4 weeks. The progress of the disease is characterized by histological changes and alterations in chemical composition. Thus muscle creatine declines considerably (2), in rats even before any abnormality in struc...