Over the past twenty years there has been an explosion in the creation, availability, and use of criminal justice databases. Large scale database systems now routinely influence law enforcement decisions ranging from formal determinations to arrest or convict an individual to informal judgments to subject a person to secondary pre-flight screening or investigate possible gang membership. Eviden...

In this article, the author considered necessary defense and its features as a condition excluding criminality of act. The notes that liberalization improvement criminal legislation to ensure reliable protection person, his rights freedoms, legitimate interests are priorities Criminal law policy. Another essential characteristic institution is fact directed only against socially dangerous encro...

hans kelsen is one of the most famous legal philosophers in the entire world that his legal thoughts have always been drawing attention and critics. pure theory of law, unity of law system and logic of law system are his the most famous theories . in this article, we put forward these theories and challenge them.

one of the most important issues in international criminal law is defenses. this issue has also significance in national law. in civil and criminal law system, there is a different approach with this question. the lawyers have named this question as forgotten point in international criminal law. international and national jurisprudence is often different and controversial in this matter. there ...

trade secrets has an important role in economic growth and development of economic competition. however ,one of the challenges in this sphere is the emergence of economice spionag. increasing growth of economic espionage causes to emerge a new phenomenon which is called information terrorism. so the mechanism of protection of the trade secretsincivil and criminal law is necessary for economic g...

This article examines the legal implications linked to recent scientific research on human consciousness. The article contends that groundbreaking revelations about consciousness expose the frailties of the criminal law's traditional dual dichotomies of conscious versus unconscious thought processes and voluntary versus involuntary acts. These binary doctrines have no valid scientific foundatio...

The expansion of the US carceral state has been accompanied by the emergence of what we call the ‘shadow carceral state’. Operating beyond the confines of criminal law and justice institutions, the shadow carceral state expands penal power through institutional annexation and legal hybridity, including: (1) increased civil and administrative pathways to incarceration; (2) the creation of civil ...

In four empirical studies, we showed that laypeople apply the ignorance of the law defense differently depending on the perceived morality of the defendant’s course of conduct at the time of the illegal act. Moral and neutral defendants who pled ignorance of the law were afforded leniency, whereas immoral defendants were sentenced as though they were not ignorant, even when defendants in all th...