The deontic square of oppositions describes relations between four deontic concepts: ban, permission, obligation, and release from obligation. It is argued that people use these relations not only when they interpret deontic social rules, but also when they reason from given rules. Data from several studies are presented that corroborate this argument.

Background Under applicable EU law, there ́s an obligation for declaration of the 14 most common food allergens in packed foodstuffs, even if these allergens are contained in very low amounts. Concerning the declaration of allergen traces, however, there is no legally regulated obligation. Therefore it ́s up to the food producers, if labelling of allergen traces takes place and how it is performed.

Role based access control has been widely used in security critical systems. Conventional role based access control is a passive model, which makes authorization decisions on requests, and the authorization decisions contain only information about whether the corresponding requests are authorised or not. One of the potential improvements for role based access control is the augmentation of obli...