This work addresses three problems with reinforcement learning and adap-tive neuro-control: 1. Non-Markovian interfaces between learner and environment. 2. On-line learning based on system realization. 3. Vector-valued adaptive critics. An algorithm is described which is based on system realization and on two interacting fully recurrent continually running networks which may learn in parallel. ...

In order to prevent information overload on the Web, people sometimes rely on critics’ evaluations to narrow down their search for favorite objects. However, due to the subjectivity of humans’ perception, the set of favorite objects varies from one person to the other. This is because each object can be reviewed using different criteria, and different people have different reliance on the same ...

The British welfare state is over 60 years old. Those who were born, grew up and who are now growing old within its ambit are a distinctive generation. They have enjoyed healthier childhoods with better education than previous populations living in Britain. That they have done well under the welfare state is accepted, but some critics have argued that these advantages are at the expense of youn...