HCV-1 produces a novel protein, known as ARFP, F, or core+1. This protein is encoded by an open reading frame (ORF) that overlaps the core gene in the +1 frame (core+1 ORF). In vitro this protein is produced by a ribosomal frameshift mechanism. However, similar studies failed to detect the ARFP/F/core+1 protein in the HCV-1a (H) isolate. To clarify this issue and to elucidate the functions of t...

Musty odor production by actinomycetes is usually related to the presence of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), which are synthesized enzymes encoded geoA tpc genes, respectively. Streptomyces spp. strain S10, was isolated from a water reservoir in Malaysia, has ability produce when cultivated basal salt (BS) solid medium, but no 2-MIB occurred during growth BS medium. Strain S10 could hig...

We have cloned, sequenced, and characterized the complete genome of a novel human papillomavirus (HPV), candHPV62. During cloning, 2 candHPV62 viral isolates were recovered from a single cervical sample; 1 had all anticipated HPV open-reading frames (ORFs) intact, whereas the other exhibited an E1 frame-shift mutation. Further experiments indicated that the 2 strains were equivalent in abundanc...

Transformed Arabidopsis plants were used to study the effect of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) inclusion body protein on translation of dicistronic RNA. Reporter plants contain a dicistronic transcription unit with CaMV open reading frame VII (ORF VII) as the first and the [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter ORF as the second cistron. "Transactivator plants" contain CaMV ORF VI under the c...

In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, more than 2000 genes are estimated to encode transcription factors (TFs), which clearly emphasizes the importance of transcriptional control. Although genomic approaches have generated large TF open reading frame (ORF) collections, only a limited number of these genes is functionally characterized, yet. This review evaluates strategies and methods to ide...

The regulation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) gene expression is largely controlled at the transcriptional level by a few key viral proteins cooperating with one another and with cellular transcription factors. However, the mechanisms involved are largely unclear. To identify the sequences important for the transcriptional regulation of open-reading frame (ORF) 4, itself encoding a transcripti...

Open reading frame (ORF) 9 of the EcoRI I fragment of the baculovirus Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) genome encodes a protein, PK-1, which has strong similarity to serine-threonine protein kinases. The published sequence of the pk-1 gene contains an error that, when corrected, extends the ORF by 228 nucleotides. Transcription of pk-1 was first detec...

The genomic region encompassing the L protein gene and a small open reading frame (ORF 6) of Rice yellow stunt virus (RYSV) has been sequenced, thus completing the nucleotide sequence of the RYSV genome. The genome organization of RYSV is unique in the rhabdoviruses because it contains two additional genes when compared to the basic gene order of the family Rhabdoviridae: Phylogenetic analysis ...

We verified the analytical performance characteristics of a previously described real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay targeting the open reading frame (ORF) 1b region of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) with RNA transcripts. We then compared it to a novel nucleocapsid gene real-time RT-PCR assay with genomic RNA. The assays differed only in the primer a...

We report that the genomes of reindeer papillomavirus (RPV), European elk papillomavirus (EEPV), and deer papillomavirus (DPV) contain a short conserved translational open reading frame (ORF), E9, which is located between the E5 ORF and the early polyadenylation site. In RPV, DPV, and EEPV, E9 ORFs have the potential to encode extremely hydrophobic polypeptides of approximately 40 amino acids. ...