background: tramadol overdose is relatively common in iran. a series of tramadol poisoned patients with paresthesia and decreased muscle strength are described. methods: in this prospective cross-sectional study, all referred cases to mashhad medical toxicology center with suspected tramadol poisoning between 1st july 2010 and 1st september 2012 were included. patients with mixed overdose, hist...

conclusions it is suggested that for addiction rehabilitation and relapse prevention, health practitioners should not only provide an intervention program to their patients, but they should design a program for families to participate in the treatment as well so that patients can function at a higher level of wellness. therefore, the family participation program should be reinforced as part of ...

abstract background and purpose: work-related musculoskeletal disorders (wmsds) are a group of painful disorders of muscles, tendons, and nerves. carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, thoracic outlet syndrome, and tension neck syndrome are examples. almost all work requires the use of the arms and hands, therefore, most wmsd affect the hands, wrists, elbows, neck, and shoulders. the aim of the cu...

Opioid abuse and addiction have increased in frequency in the United States over the past 20 years. In 2009, an estimated 5.3 million persons used opioid medications nonmedically within the past month, 200000 used heroin, and approximately 9.6% of African Americans used an illicit drug. Racial and ethnic minorities experience disparities in availability and access to mental health care, includi...

Chronic pain is a major public health problem with limited treatment options. Opioids remain a routine treatment for chronic pain, but extended exposure to opioid therapy can produce opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia. Although the mechanisms underlying chronic pain, opioid-induced tolerance, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia remain to be uncovered, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved...

BACKGROUND The extent to which adults with mental health disorders in the United States receive opioids has not been adequately reported. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized U.S. adult population from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. We examined the relationship between mental health (mood and anxiety) disorders a...

The opioid systems play an important role in mediating both physical pain and negative affects (eg, the pain of social isolation). From an evolutionary perspective, it is not surprising that the neurocircuitry and neurochemistry of physical pain would overlap with that involved in complex social emotions. Exposure to trauma as well as a range of gene variants in the opioid system may be associa...

This article describes a unique therapeutic precision intervention, formulation of enkephalinase inhibitors, enkephalin, and dopamine-releasing neuronutrients, to induce dopamine homeostasis for detoxification treatment individuals genetically predisposed developing reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). The formulations are based on the results addiction risk severity (GARS) test. Based both neurog...

OBJECTIVES To develop evidence-based practice guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of opioid abuse and dependence. METHODS An international task force of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) developed these practice guidelines after a systematic review of the available evidence pertaining to the treatment of opioid dependence. On the basis of the evidence...